Ocado Is An Independent And Distinctive Online Grocery Marketing Essay

Ocado Is An Independent And Distinctive Online Grocery Marketing Essay Ocado is an independent and distinctive online grocery store that focuses entirely on delivering premium food, drink and household goods right at its customers door step. Ocado claims that they are different from the traditional grocery stores in the market for they provide customers with easy, quick, convenient, precise and enjoyable shopping with just a click of the mouse. In order for Ocado to accomplish its mission, the company has four goals to live by; great value, great service, great choice, and green way to shop. By employing advanced technology to continue sharpening its efficient delivery model, Ocado enables to lower its prices and at the same time guarantee excellent value for money. Ocado offers great service through prompt delivery of superior groceries and by caring and showing sincerity to their customers. Ocado also offers a wide variety of choice and they show concern towards our environment by providing a greener way to shop. On the contrary, Tesco is considered o ne of the biggest retailers in the world. According to Tesco, their success depends on their customers and their employees. The companys main purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty (Tesco website, 2010a). In order to make this happen, Tesco is adapting the following values; No-one tries harder for customers and Treat people as we like to be treated. Tesco is giving importance to understanding and meeting their customers needs, doing something good for the community, working as a team, trusting and respecting each other, listening and supporting team members, and sharing knowledge and experiences with them. Both companies are putting their customers first by providing quality products and superior customer service. Analysis and Conclusion Ocados strategy for increasing revenues is well thought of. Ocado attempts to increase turnover by providing customers with primary commodities at the lowest price possible; by offering delivery of grocery products that are taken from a high-tech and computerized warehouse; and by selling a variety of products, most of which are supplied by Waitrose. Ocado has also raised its gross sales at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 31 per cent between FYE 2007 and FYE 2009 (Ocado website, 2010a). And its earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) are also growing. Ocado is planning to go on with the strategy that is focusing on increasing revenue, improving EBITDA margins, and exploring supplementary growth opportunities by constantly improving consumer products through maintaining and improving the customer experience; increasing its core product range; and continuing to offer value to customers (Ocado website, 2010a). Another means of increasing revenue is impr oving cost efficiency and expanding CFC capacity and the Spoke network (Ocado website, 2010a). Searching for more growth opportunities by adding non-grocery products and including the prospect of reproducing the same business model abroad is also another way of growing Ocados revenues. On the other hand, Tescos strategy is centered on growth. Widening of the business reach is one of the underlying principles of Tescos strategy. Providing customers with growing markets at home and expanding markets overseas such as countries in Central Europe, Asia and United States, would allow Tesco to have a continuous existence and growth. Diversification is one of the main goals of Tescos strategy and this has been the basis and reason for the companys success in the past years. As a highlight of Tescos diversification, it has established and developed new businesses and these businesses are becoming competitive and profitable and are also growing in size. Tescos strategy has five objectives and these are as follows: (1) To be a successful international retailer, (2) To grow the core UK business, (3) To be as strong in non-food as in food, (4) To develop retailing services such as Tesco Personal Finance, Telecoms and Tesco.com, (5) To put community at the heart of what we do ( Tesco website, 2010b). These objectives reflect the companys four well-known areas of focus and their continuing commitment on community and environment. These objectives have also permitted the company to keep on growing and sustaining even during times of economic recession. Tescos core Uk business is the most important business of the company for it employs more than 285,000 employees and has more than 2,200 stores. The UK business contributes to approximately 70% of the total sales and profits of Tesco. New space, expansion of existing stores and a multi-format approach are the main reasons for the growth of the UK business. The UK business has four different store formats, namely Express (up to 3,000 sq ft), Metro (approx. 7,000-15,000 sq ft), Superstore (approx. 20,000-50,000 sq ft) and Extra (approx. 60,000 sq ft and above) that are each tailored to their customers needs. Aside from providing a wide range of formats, the UK business guarantees an extensive appeal by constantl y giving customers innovative and new kinds of products and merchandise, thus costumers have a variety of choices. The store also has an assortment of own brands that allows customers to purchase products that fits their way of life. Last year, they also launched about 500 new products as part of their Discount Brands at Tesco initiative. These products are priced low and are very affordable so that customers can buy products without compromising quality and choice. With regards to understanding its customers, Tesco created Tesco Clubcard. This loyalty card provides Tesco with information that they will need in understanding their customers better. The card also provides customers with offerings that are suited to their needs and lifestyle. Tesco is not only trying to understand customers but they are also looking after their employees by offering package of pay and different benefits that are appropriate for their workers. In contrast, Ocado aspires to have a market leading customer proposition. In fact, they garnered different awards like Online Retailer of the Year for 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010 Grocer Gold Awards (Ocado website, 2010b). They strive to have the best customer service by providing high accuracy and availability of products; convenient and on-time delivery service; and user friendly interfaces or websites. Another means of providing a market leading proposition is through an emporium of quality of food; they now offer about 20, 000 versions or stock keeping units (skus) and is planning to add more or less 3,000 skus in 2010. High quality and fresh products are also made available in their online store. They also introduced their own branded products and priced these products at a lower cost to counterpart Tescos discounted products. Some delivery slots are offered for free by Ocado and is also offering delivery pass to facilitate limitless free deliveries for a fixed amount. When it comes to corporate responsibility, Ocado and Tesco are both going green. Ocado was nominated Green Retailer of the Year 2009 in The Grocer Gold Awards, Large Retailer of the Year 2008 in the Online Green Awards and was awarded as Ethical/Green Practice 2009 at the IMRG E-Commerce Awards for Excellence (Ocado website, 2010c). Ocado delivers its commodities directly from the CFC to the customers door step, reducing and getting rid of the carbon emissions usually produced by the conventional supermarkets and their stores. The amount of vehicles on the road is also minimized. To reduce its carbon usage and its environmental impact, Ocado have also implemented the following actions: closed-loop grocery bag recycling, whereby when making a delivery, drivers offer to collect used bags from customers which are recycled within the UK to make new Ocado grocery bags; wasting significantly less food as a percentage of gross sales than any of its competitors; and signing up to the Climate Change Agreement (with the Carbon Trust), which places certain obligations on management to monitor and lower carbon usage (Ocado website, 2010c). Meanwhile, Tesco plays an important role in minimizing climate change. In doing so, the company committed to becoming a zero-carbon business by 2050; reducing the emissions of the products they sell by 30% by 2020; helping their customers to reduce their carbon footprint by 50% by 2020; halve emissions from their 2006/7 baseline portfolio of buildings by 2020; new stores built between 2007 and 2020 to emit half the CO2 of a 2006 new store; and reduce emissions per case delivered by 50% by 2012 (Tesco website, 2010c). With regards to the financial aspect, Tescos website provided a more organized investor centre section wherein more information such as financial highlights, annual reviews, financial calendar, etc. can be gathered and access directly by the customers and investors. In their website (Tesco website, 2010d), they stated that in 2009 to February 2010 their group sales is 6.8% and their group profit before tax is 10.4%, indicating that the companys growth is increasing amidst the economic downturn. Their Group sales ( £m) (including VAT) and Group trading profit ( £m) from February 2009 to 2010 amounted to 62,537 and 3,412 respectively. Whereas, Ocados gross sales increased 29.5% to  £126.5m for the 12 weeks to 8 August 2010 (2009:  £97.7m), its average orders per week for the 12 weeks to 8 August 2010: 92,834 (70,968 in equivalent period in 2009) and at 8 August the Group had cash and cash equivalents, including monies on deposit, of  £205.9m, borrowings of  £119.9m and undr awn available facilities of  £110.0m (Ocado website, 2010d). From the above comparison and analysis, we can say that both groceries stores have excellent strategies. Ocados strategy for increasing revenues is being realized through the provision and delivery of new and various products at lower prices while Tescos plan for diversification is also being materialized by adding additional businesses to their existing business model. Both companies are also giving customers high quality offerings but when it comes to a variation of products Tesco has more products to offer than Ocado. Tesco is selling electronic gadgets like personal computers (PC), mobiles phones, games and gaming accessories. They also have furniture, appliances, car accessories, sports and leisure products that are yet unavailable to Ocado. This wide range of products that Tesco have can be attributed to their existence of more than 90 years in the business whereas Ocado has just been in the market for 10 years. In caring for the environment, I can say that Ocados efforts in go ing green are more successful than Tesco and this is evident in the awards that they recently received. And when it comes to gross sales, Ocado has higher revenues than Tesco and their strong sales drive as confirmed in the first half of the year is continuing to increase since then. In August 8, 2010, sales for the previous 36 weeks reached  £372.2m, having a 29.8% increase. Ocado is already planning to diversify by adding non-grocery products to their line and by doing so they are trying to counter Tescos existing products. So if I were to recommend what company to invest in, I would say it has to be Ocado.

Understand and Meet the Nutrition Requirements of Individuals with Dementia

1. 1 Describe how cognitive, functional and emotional changes associated with dementia can affect eating, drinking and nutrition? Cognitive: depending on the type of dementia a person has they may have trouble in recognising the food in front of them or not understand that the food provided is for them, they may even view the food in front of them as food. This can be caused by their minds not recognising what is in front of them. Functional: depending on the type of dementia a person has they may struggle to use their knife, fork and spoon, they may even struggle to chew or swallow. This can be caused by the mind forgetting how to do something, or making that task become more difficult to perform. Emotional: depending on the type of dementia a person has they refuse to eat all together, this could be caused by the mind simply telling them they are not hungry or thirsty when they actually are, this can happen quite often and is usually caused by a problem causing them to get upset or angry. 1. 2 Explain how poor nutrition can contribute to an individual’s experience of dementia? Poor nutrition can actually worsen the symptoms of dementia for people. A report states that people with dementia who are undernourished may end up worsening their condition. But poor nutrition can also cause individuals with dementia to need specialised help more often as well. 1. 3 outline how other health and emotional conditions may affect the nutritional needs of an individual with dementia? Dementia can be effected by other conditions that may prevent the individual from eating or drinking: Health – it is quite often for individuals with dementia to end up with Urinary Tract Infection or UTI for short, and while having a UTI the individuals may get more confused or angry causing them to not wanting to eat. Emotional – quite a few dementia suffers end up with depression because of the drastic changes in their life, such as being taken away from your home and your family. Having depression may cause the individuals to not want to eat. 1. 4 Explain the important of recognising and meeting an individual’s personal and cultural preferences of food and drink? Some people have curtain dietary requirements such as being vegetarian or vegan, some religions require you not to eat pork or only eating meet if it’s halal. Even though the individual has dementia they still have these beliefs and it is important to respect that person’s beliefs and choice. . 5 Explain why it is important to include a variety of food and drink in the diet of an individual with dementia? A balanced diet is important to people with dementia because if they do not have a nutritional diet then it can worsen their condition. Weight loss, nutritional deficiencies and inadequate fluid intake can a ll have a negative effect on a person’s dementia. It is the care assistances job to make sure that the individuals get the correct diet they each need. 2. 1 describe how mealtime cultures and environments can be a barrier to meeting the nutritional needs of an individual with dementia? In some cultures, people have strict meal time and meal size restrictions. People who are of Muslim religion fast once a year where they cannot eat when the sun is up, but for someone with Dementia they may think they are fasting when they don’t need to, so end up refusing all meals offered and provided to them. Another example would be that someone with dementia may not see or understand why they have to eat in a particular way, for example, starter, main, dessert. For someone with dementia, their tastes may have changed and might not want to eat meals that are set out for them in a particular way. By sticking to a regular meal time, this can be a barrier to the nutrition they need, because they may not want to eat at the same time as everyone else. 2. 2 describe how mealtime environments and food presentation can be designed to help an individual to eat and drink? Food presentation is very important to people with dementia, because their view on things are different, even though its meal time and other people around them are eating. If it doesn’t look like food they won’t eat it. Make sure that the table cloth is a bright colour and that the plate is a completely different colour, as well as different colour food on the plate. Even though to us there is something clearly on the table for someone with dementia, if there was a red table cloth with a red bowl and tomato soup inside, even though there is something there in front of them, they may not be able to see it. 2. 3 describe how a person centred approach can support an individual, with dementia at different levels of ability, to eat and drink? Treating everyone individually and offering them choices with their day to day life are the best ways to support someone with dementia. Many people with dementia are capable of making choices for themselves. So it is important to offer them different meal choices so they can pick which they prefer. If someone has progressed further with their dementia and are unable to communicate to tell us what they want, then we may need to show them the different options or check their care plans to see what they prefer eating. If none of this is available then you could observe them, If they eat what you provide then you should take a note that they liked it, if they don’t then try them with something else.

Multiple Different Sex Offender Typologies - 1363 Words

The purpose of this paper was to describe the multiple different sex offender typologies. There are four main rapist typologies: power reassurance, power assertive, anger retaliatory, and anger excitation. Child molesters fall under either a situational child molester or preferential child molester. Another sex offender is a juvenile sex offender. This paper will also identify the method of operation (M.O.) and provide a basic profile for each type of rapist. Sex Offender Typologies Numerous studies have been performed on the different sex offender typologies, especially on rapists and child molesters. Rapists are offenders who have forcible sex acts with a person against the person’s will. Child molestation has been categorized as situational and preferential. A smaller category of sex offenders is the adolescent sex offender. Rape Typologies Maston (2011) found that 200,520 rapes/sexual assaults occurred in 2008. The rapes/sexual assaults included verbal threats of rape and threats of sexual assault. Rapists are split into four main typologies: power reassurance, power assertive, anger retaliatory, and anger excitation. Power Reassurance Also known as the â€Å"gentleman† rapist, the power reassurance rapist’s sexual fantasy was to engage in sexual intercourse where the victim is sexually satisfied and hoped that the victim will invite the offender back (Berger). A power reassurance rapist is generally male. They wanted to be reassured of how good they are andShow MoreRelatedSellin and Wolfgang’s Typology of Victimization Essay example907 Words   |  4 Pagesitself, the offender and the victim. Everyday we read or hear about one crime or another from various forms of news. Often times, we get a very vague idea of what happened; in some cases we find out more as time passes and in other cases the crimes go left unspoken about. 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Literature Review History of Sex Offender Treatment Until the mid-1980s the treatment of sex offenders was conducted primarily in civil commitment programs in aRead MoreIf An Adolescent Sex Offender ( Aso ) -at Risk For Residential Placement2459 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION If an adolescent sex offender (ASO) —at risk for residential placement receives Multisystemic Therapy (MST) for a full year, will the likelihood of him engaging in problematic sexual behavior decrease? Conceive of an 11-year-old Caucasian male with compulsive sexual behavior. He comes into unwanted, sexual contact with infantile females, expressing extreme curiosity with their bodies. He is at risk for residential placement. He wants to practice positive adolescent sexuality. For thisRead MoreExamining The Literature On Offender Profiling1597 Words   |  7 Pageswhich were based on true Australian crime, attracting high ratings from the public. 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In fact, many mental health care professionals have found that much of the behavior classified as sex offenses should not necessarily be considered predatory. Therapists point out that many sexual offenses are carried out by naà ¯ve experimenters who are overly impul sive and/or immature adolescents that sometimes engage in sexual experimentation (SmithRead MoreRape And Sexual Assaults Within The United States Essay1784 Words   |  8 Pagesassaults than males. The problem that this country faces is the lack of being able to track rapist, in addition to the victims that chose not to report their assault of being raped to the police. Issues of under reporting comes from the victims with multiple reasons that hinders them from reporting these heinous criminal acts. Thus, the sad realization is that the perpetrator is usually some one that you know, that you would of never of thought that they could and would, and do sexually assault you.Read MoreWhat Is Serial Murder?1864 Words   |  8 Pagesincident. The FBI define a serial murder as the ‘The unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in separate events,’ (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2008). In contrast ‘mass murder’ is the killing of numerou s people in one incident, three or more individuals at one time and in one place, whereas ‘spree murder’ involves the murder of several people in several different locations with no cooling-off period between the homicides. A ‘cooling-off’ period can vary from weeks toRead MoreSerial Killers : A Psychological Viewpoint Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pagesreview focuses on serial killers from a psychological viewpoint while trying to answer the question, â€Å"Are serial killers born to kill or are they bred to kill?† Firstly, this review will define a serial killer and the different kinds of killers, then it will take a look at different case studies of children who fantasized about mass killing and identify similarities between the cases attempt to find a way to possibly prevent their fantasies from becoming reality. The debate of nature vs. nurture is

Taxation of Household Savings in the Mirrlees Review Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The report further recommends that savings resultant from variances in the timing of donated incomes comparative to the preferred time stream of consumption, or in time inclinations for consumption should not be taxed. The difficulty with this apparently definitive recommendation is that it disregards reality as it stands (Auerbach 2012, p. The taxation unit is characteristically not, as subliminally presumed by the recommendation, a distinct singular sharing their time between leisure and work, in an ideal capital market, and assigning consumption over their lifetime in harmony with their partialities for leisure versus goods consumption at different points in time. The taxation unit is, in fact, a family with two definite or prospective wage earners whereby household production, principally childcare, is a significant method of using time, and which in its chronological resolutions comes into contact with a flawed capital market. This review has extensive effects on the tax system s proposed, in addition to the principal arguments, presented in Mirrlees review report (Banks Diamond 2008, p. However, savings are handled by the tax system plays a critical part in making certain that the tax system is impartial and competent over a tax unit s lifecycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Taxation of Household Savings in the Mirrlees Review or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

American Reformers, By Ronald G. Walters - 1087 Words

American Reformers,1815-1860 Book Review American Reformers, 1815-1860 goes into the social and political issues surrounding the Jackson Presidency. Ronald G. Walters effectively chronicalizes the reformation and radicalization of the main issues prevalent in early 19th century. These issues included slavery, alcoholism, women’s rights, religion and science. He explains how these issues led to the transformation of our country into what it is today and explains the reformers responsible for such radical change. He emphasizes the idea that every individual during this time period had some sense of radical reform ideology. These antebellum reformers worked to resolve the social and political issues plaguing the nation through reform and Ronald G. Walters eloquently depicts the reform movements of the early-mid 19th century. His work is very accurate and progressive in every sense. Ronald G. Walters has been in staff of John Hopkins University since 1970, he is a professor of 19t h-and 20th century social and cultural history. The emphasis of his teachings are on social movements within the time period. He received his undergraduate degree at Stanford and a PhD at Berkeley in history. He is currently co-chairing or chairing major committees for the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association. His emphasis in his writing has been antebellum reform movements, what makes this book unique from other historical novels is it attempts to onlyShow MoreRelatedRadical and Reform Movements in American History1999 Words   |  8 Pagesconflict over the inability of a foreign power to govern an overseas territories without proper representation in the foreign power’s government. This conflict, The American Revolution, may be the first significant radical movement in the history of the United States. 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Famous people Free Essays

The reason I’m writing Is to give you some Information about famous people and to express my thoughts about It. To begin with, I know many famous people In our world. They try to do their best to become such. We will write a custom essay sample on Famous people or any similar topic only for you Order Now My favorite personality Is the British actress Kerri Knightly. I think that Kerri Is the best combination of beauty and talent. Her acting amazes me, her actions make me speechless, her voice can attract anybody attention. She worked very hard and collaborated with the most ammos actors and became one of them very quickly. She played and is still playing in very popular movies with the most known directors and that’s why she is very famous. The most popular her roles are in the films â€Å"Pirates of the Caribbean†, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, â€Å"Ana Karen†. So, I want to say that Kerri is very famous and popular nowadays. I usually get information about this person from the Internet, TV, some magazines and newspapers. Also, my friends are fond of her talent, so we often tell each other deferent facts about her life and exchange different Information. We know everything about her work and private life. As far as I’m concerned, I would not Like to be famous. There are many reasons why I think so. Firstly, I think, It Is very hard to be famous. Every time you must know that you are an example to follow by many. So, you should avoid some situations In which you can attract your fans and abandon the usual look. Secondly, every time you can be pursued by paparazzi, hat’s why you won’t be able to feel good in your daily life and work. Also, your fans will spy on you in every possible way. You will feel tired giving them your autographs. And lastly and most importantly, everyone will know everything about your life. Your private life will be public and you won’t be able to hide some facts, which are very dear to you. In addition, I think that to be a famous person is not an easy task. So, people who work hard, must be successful in their life, but they must also remember that to be a famous person Is hard too. How to cite Famous people, Papers

Introduction to Textile Industry in India free essay sample

The term Textile is a Latin word originated from the word texere which means to weave. Textile refers to a flexible material comprising of a network of natural or artificial fibers, known as yarn. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting and pressing fibers together. History of Textile The history of textile is almost as old as that of human civilization and as time moves on the history of textile has further enriched itself. In the 6th and 7th century BC, the oldest recorded indication of using fiber comes with the invention of flax and wool fabric at the excavation of Swiss lake inhabitants. In India the culture of silk was introduced in 400AD, while spinning of cotton traces back to 3000BC. In China, the discovery and consequent development of sericulture and spin silk methods got initiated at 2640 BC while in Egypt the art of spinning linen and weaving developed in 3400 BC. The discovery of machines and their widespread application in processing natural fibers was a direct outcome of the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. The discoveries of various synthetic fibers like nylon created a wider market for textile products and gradually led to the invention of new and improved sources of natural fiber. The development of transportation and communication facilities facilitated the path of transaction of localized skills and textile art among various countries. Textile History of Various Countries: India Indian textile enjoys a rich heritage and the origin of textiles in India traces back to the Indus valley Civilization where people used homespun cotton for weaving their clothes. Rigveda, the earliest of the Veda contains the literary information about textiles and it refers to weaving. Ramayana and Mahabharata, the eminent Indian epics depict the existence of wide variety of fabrics in ancient India. These epics refer both to rich and stylized garment worn by the aristocrats and ordinary simple clothes worn by the common people. The contemporary Indian textile not only reflects the splendid past but also cater to the requirements of the modern times. The archaeological surveys and studies have found that the people of Harappan civilization knew weaving and the spinning of cotton four thousand years ago. Reference to weaving and spinning materials is found in the Vedic Literature also. There was textile trade in India during the early centuries. A block printed and resist-dyed fabrics, whose origin is from Gujarat is found in tombs of Fostat, Egypt. This proves that Indian export of cotton textiles to the Egypt or the Nile Civilization in medieval times were to a large extent. Large quantity of north Indian silk was traded through the silk route in China to the western countries. The Indian silk was often exchanged with the western countries for their spices in the barter system. During the late 17th and 18th century there were large export of the Indian cotton to the western countries to meet the need of the European industries during industrial revolution. Consequently there was development of nationalist movement like the famous Swadeshi movement which was headed by the Aurobindo Ghosh. There was also export of Indian silk, Muslin cloth of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to other countries by the East Indian Company. Bhilwara is known as textile city. Japan In 1869 the capital of Japan was shifted from Kyoto to Tokyo and from this time onwards the Nishijin weaving tradition seemed threatened with extinction. The industry again started to grow along with Japans new capitalist economy by 1890 when the Nishijin weavers embraced and applied modern technology to their own ancient and original textile art. The textile art of Japan particularly reached an epitome of excellence by exhibiting a cultural distinction and remarkable artistic skill in the Edo and succeeding Meiji periods (1868 1912). China Chinese textiles enjoy an excellent heritage in textile sector and occupy a prominent position in the global textile market. Chinese textiles are world famous and extraordinary for their fine quality and profound symbolic meanings. Textiles in china often form an integral aspect of its heritage and symbolically reflect its tradition and culture. In China, textile is often closely associated with prosperity and involved in the process of elaborate rituals. Parents spontaneous love for their children is most visibly reflected through the excellent clothes they provide on festive occasions to their children. These clothes are made up of expensive materials and excellent craftsmanship. Africa In the ancient times the most important aspect of textiles or more precisely cloth in Africa was that cloth was used as form of money. The width of cloth strip was usually standardized in each region of Africa and therefore there used to be a regular number of such standard length cloth strips required to make a womans wrapper cloth. This would then be used to serve as the unit of value. Cloth was a convenient form of money primarily because it was used by everybody, fairly durable and easily sub dividable. The weavers, dyers and other textile artists of Africa together makes an active contribution in creating exquisite and amazing range of textiles. African textiles usually embody a great variety of styles. Adinkara, kente and bogolan are some of the some of the African textiles which are becoming increasingly popular while some others like Yoruba, ase-oke and adire are equally beautiful but less well known. 1. 2 Introduction The textile industry or apparel industry is primarily concerned with the production of yarn, and cloth and the subsequent design or manufacture of clothing and their distribution. The raw material may be natural or synthetic using products of the chemical industry. Cotton Manufacturing: Cotton is the worlds most important natural fiber. In the year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries. There are five stages Cultivating and Harvesting Preparatory Processes Spinning- giving yarn Weaving- giving fabrics Finishing- giving textiles Synthetic Fiber: Artificial fibers can be made by extruding a polymer, through a spinneret into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning (acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and then sets. All these fibers will be of great length, often kilometers long. Artificial fibers can be processed as long fibers or batched and cut so they can be processed like a natural fiber. Natural Fibers: Natural fibers are either from animals (sheep, goat, rabbit, and silk-worm) mineral (asbestos) or from plants (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibers can come from the seed (cotton), the stem (known as best fibers: flax, Hemp, Jute) or the leaf (sisal). Without exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained- each with a specific name. With the exception of silk, each of these fibers is short being only centimeters in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples. 1. 2. 1 Textile Industry in India The Textile industry in India traditionally, after agriculture, is the only industry that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labor in textiles. The textile industry continues to be the second largest employment generating sector in India. It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country. The share of textiles in total exports was 11. 04% during April–July 2010, as per the Ministry of Textiles. During 2009-2010, Indian textiles industry was pegged at US$55 billion, 64% of which services domestic demand. In 2010, there were 2,500 textile weaving factories and 4,135 textile finishing factories in all of India. According to Kearney’s ‘Retail Apparel Index’ India ranked as the fourth most promising market for apparel retailers in 2009. The Indian Textile Industry counts among the leading textile industries in the world. Apart from providing the basic necessities of life, its role in the country’s economic growth is significant. India’s textile industry contributes about 14 per cent to industrial production; 4 per cent to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP); 17 per cent to its export earnings; and is a source of direct employment for over 35 million people, which makes it the second largest provider of employment after agriculture. Abundant raw materials, healthy foreign direct investments (FDI) and a government willing to invest ensures a bright future for India’s textile sector. There is large scope of improvement in the textile industry of India as there is a huge increase in personal disposable income among the Indians after the 1991 liberalization. There is also a large growth of the organized sector in the Indian textile industries. The foreign brands along with the collaboration of the Indian companies established business in India. Some of these are Puma, Armani, Benetton, Esprit, Levi Strauss, Hugo Boss, Liz Claiborne, Crocs etc. The major Indian Industries include Bombay Dyeing, Fabindia, Grasim Industries, JCT Limited, Lakshmi Machine Works, Lakshmi Mills and Mysore Silk Factory. Textile Organizations The Indian Textile industries are mainly dominated by some government, semi government and private institutions. The major functions of the Ministry of Textile are: Textile Policy Coordination Man-made Fiber Industry Cotton Textile Industry Jute Industry Silk and sericulture Industry Wool Industry Decentralized Powerloom Sector Export Promotion Planning Economic Analysis Finance Matters Information Technology(IT) The advisory boards include: All India Handlooms Board All India Handicrafts Board All India Power looms Board Advisory Committee under Handlooms Reservation of Articles for Production Co-ordination Council of Textiles Research Association MM cotton industry The major export promoting councils include: Apparel Export Promotion Council, New Delhi Carpet Export Promotion Council, New Delhi Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council, Mumbai The major PSU or Public Sector Undertaking are: National Textile Corporation Ltd. (NTC) British India Corporation Ltd. (BIC) Cotton Corporation of India Ltd. (CCI) Jute Corporation of India Ltd. (JCI) National Jute Manufacturers Corporation (NJMC) Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation (HHEC) National Handloom Development Corporation (NHDC) Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts, New Delhi Handloom Export Promotion Council, Chennai Indian Silk Export Promotion Council, Mumbai Power loom Development Export Promotion Council, Mumbai Synthetic Rayon Textiles Export Promotion Council, Mumbai Wool Woolen Export Promotion Council, New Delhi Other autonomous bodies in this industry are: Central Wool Development Board, Jodhpur National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi National Centre for Jute Diversification The textile Research Associations are: South India Textiles Research Association (SITRA), Coimbatore Ahmedabad Textiles Industry’s Research Association Bombay Textiles Research Association, Mumbai Indian Jute Industries Research association, Kolkata Man-made Textiles Research Association, Surat Synthetic and art silk –Mills Research Association, Mumbai Wool Research Association, Thane Northern India Textiles Research Association, Ghaziabad Ministry of Textile The Ministry of Textiles is responsible for the formulation of policy, planning, development, export promotion and regulation of the textile industry in India. This includes all natural, artificial, and cellulosic fibers that go into the making of textiles, clothing and Handicrafts. Current Minister of Textiles is Kavuru Samba Siva Rao, while Minister of State at the ministry is Panabaka Lakshmi. Some of initiatives taken by the government to further promote the industry are as under: †¢The Government of India plans to set up a Rs 100 crore (US$ 15. 79 million) venture capital fund to provide equity support to start-ups in the textile sector, in order to encourage innovative ideas †¢The Government has allowed 100 per cent FDI in the sector through the automatic route. In the 12thFive Year Plan (2012–17), the government plans to spend US$ 9. 1 billion on textiles as against US$ 4 billion in the 11th Plan †¢In order to make textile processing units more environment-friendly and globally competitive, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) has approved an Integrated Processing Development Scheme (IPDS) with an investment of Rs 500 crore (US$ 78. 94 million) †¢Under the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS), the cotton textile industry of India will receive margin money from the Ministry of Finance. The industry is also expected to attract Rs 4,000 crore (US$ 631. 65 million) in the form of investments over the next six months †¢The Government of India has allotted Rs 700 crore (US$ 110. 53 million) in the next Five Year Plan for the development of technical textiles. In 2012–13, the technical textiles industry reached Rs 7. 48 trillion (US$ 118. 19 billion) at an annual growth rate of 3. 5 per cent †¢In the new textile policy, the Government of Gujarat has announced 5 per cent interest subsidy on bank loans for five years, for those who establish new plants for value addition chain like ginning, processing, weaving, knitting, and machine carpeting. 1. 3 Current Scenario India is the second largest producer of fibre in the world and the major fibre produced is cotton. Other fibres produced in India include silk, jute, wool, and man-made fibers. 60% of the Indian textile Industry is cotton based. The strong domestic demand and the revival of the Economic markets by 2009 have led to huge growth of the Indian textile industry. In December 2010, the domestic cotton price was up by 50% as compared to the December 2009 prices. The causes behind high cotton price are due to the floods in Pakistan and China. India projected a high production of textile (325 lakh bales for 2010 -11). There has been increase in Indias share of global textile trading to seven percent in five years. The rising prices are the major concern of the domestic producers of the country. Man Made Fibers: These include manufacturing of clothes using fiber or filament synthetic yarns. It is produced in the large power loom factories. They account for the largest sector of the textile production in India. This sector has a share of 62% of the Indias total production and provides employment to about 4. 8 million people. The Cotton Sector: It is the second most developed sector in the Indian Textile industries. It provides employment to huge amount of people but its productions and employment is seasonal depending upon the seasonal nature of the production. The Handloom Sector: It is well developed and is mainly dependent on the SHGs for their funds. Its market share is 13%. of the total cloth produced in India. The Woolen Sector: India is the 7th largest producer of the wool in the world. India also produces 1. 8% of the worlds total wool. The Jute Sector: The jute or the golden fiber in India is mainly produced in the Eastern states of India like Assam and West Bengal. India is the largest producer of jute in the world. The Sericulture and Silk Sector: India is the 2nd largest producer of silk in the world. India produces 18% of the worlds total silk. Mulberry, Eri, Tasar, and Muga are the main types of silk produced in the country. It is a labor-intensive sector. 1. 3. 1 Market Size The industry is expected to touch US$ 220 billion by 2020, according to estimates by Alok Industries Ltd. Also, India has the capacity to improve its textile and apparel share in the world trade from the current 4. 5 per cent to 8 per cent and reach US$ 80 billion by 2020. Garment exports from India grew by 19 per in the period July 2012–July 2013 to touch US$ 1. 27 billion, on the back of increasing demand in developed economies such as the US, according to data released by the Apparel Export Promotion Council (AEPC). India has the advantage of abundant resources of raw materials. It is one of the largest producers of cotton yarn in the world and there are good resources of fibres such as polyester, silk, viscose, etc. The country is also home to a wide range of cotton fibre and has a rapidly developing synthetic fibre industry. The most significant change in the Indian textile industry has been the advent of man-made fibres (MMF). India’s innovative range of MMF textiles finds presence in almost all the countries across the globe. MMF production recorded an increase of 7 per cent in the month of August 2013 and grew by 4 per cent during April–August 2013. Cotton yarn production increased by about 10 per cent during August 2013 and by about 11 per cent during April–August 2013. Blended and 100 per cent non-cotton yarn production increased by 5 per cent during August 2013 and by 8 per cent during April–August 2013. Cloth production by mill sector registered a growth of 4 per cent during August 2013 and 10 per cent during April–August 2013. Cloth production by handloom and hosiery increased by 3 per cent and 12 per cent during April–August 2013. The total cloth production grew by 6 per cent during August 2013 and by 3 per cent during April–August 2013. 1. 3. 2 FDI in Textile Indian textile and apparel industry is one of the largest in the world with US$ 19 billion of export and US$ 30 billion of domestic textile and apparel during 2006-07 (P). The industry has, over the years, contributed significantly to national output, employment and exports. At present, industry accounts for about 14% of our total industrial production and contributes to nearly 15% of total exports. It provides direct employment to about 35 million people and another 56 million are engaged in allied activities. The textile export has registered a growth of 10 percent to 19. 24 billion during 2006-07 (P) from US$ 17. 85 billion during 2005-06. The Industry has a potential to reach a size of US$ 85 billion by 2010. With its consistent growth performance and abundant cheap skilled manpower, there are enormous opportunities both for domestic and foreign investors to make investments in textile sector in India. India has most liberal and transparent policies in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) amongst emerging countries. India is a promising destination for FDI in the textile sector. 100% FDI is allowed in the textile sector under the automatic route. FDI in sectors to the extent permitted under automatic route does not require any prior approval either by the Government of India or Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The investors are only required to notify the Regional Office concerned of RBI within 30 days of receipt of inword remittance. Ministry of Textiles has set up FDI Cell to attract FDI in the textile sector in the country. The FDI cell will operate with the following objectives: 1) To provide assistance and advisory support (including liaison with other organizations and State Governments); 2) Assist foreign companies in finding out joint venture partners; 3) To sort out operational problems; 4) Maintenance and monitoring of data pertaining to domestic textile production and foreign investment. Inflow of FDI as Percentage of total FDI in India from 2007 to 2013. 1. 3. 3 Investments Investment is the key for Indian textiles to make rapid strides. The industry (including dyed and printed) attracted FDI worth Rs 5,883. 71 crore (US$ 928. 63 million) in the period April 2000–August 2013. Some of the major investments in the Indian Textile Industry are as follows: Trident Ltd plans to invest Rs 1,667 crore (US$ 263. 24 million) to install 176,000 spindles and 500 looms to manufacture around 40,000 TPA of additional cotton yarn of higher count Exhilway, a US-based private equity firm, will fund a Kolkata-headquartered garments retail start-up firm Sconto Retail Pvt Ltd. The initial investment will only be in equity of around Rs 6 crore (US$ 947,490. 36), with the graded funding, both in equity and debt, likely to go up to Rs 24 crore (US$ 3. 79 million) by the first 18 months The DyStar Group and Arvind Ltd have signed an agreement for joint development in the field of denim. Dedicated teams from DyStar and Arvinds Denim Division will work closely to implement new technologies in indigo dyeing and finishing as well as develop new products, processes and effects for denim fabrics and garments Gitanjali Group has entered into the apparels segment as part of its brand extension of its popular brands and plans to set up 300 selling points across the country in 2013 Swedish retailer Rusta plans to import Indian textiles and handicraft worth Rs 200 crore (US$ 31. 58 million) annually over the next 3-4 years 1. 4 Textile Statistics Cluster Wise Split up Details of Mega Clusters are: Handloom Sector Handcraft Sector Powerloom Sector 1. Varanasi (U. P). 7. Moradabad (U. P. ) 12. Bhiwandi (Maharastra). 2. Sivsagar (Assam). 8. Narasapur (A. P. ). 13. Erode (Tamil Nadu). 3. Murshidabad (W. B. ). 9. Bhdohi-Mirzapur (U. P. ). 14. Bhilwara (Rajasthan). 4. Virudhunagar (T. N)). 10. Srinagar (JK). 15. Ichalkaranji (Maharashtra) 5. Guntur PrakashamDistt. (A. P) 11. Jodhpur (Rajasthan) 6. Godda Neighboring* Distt. (Jharkhand) Details of Finance employed in Textile Industry Data is in Rs million Industrial Outlook Survey done by RBI Net Response : % : Mar 2012 to Mar 2014 Market Capitalization Year Number of companies in the Index Index market capitalisation Rs. million 1990-91 106 81,618. 90 1991-92 112 277,394. 20 1992-93 87 134,302. 00 1993-94 165 213,570. 00 1994-95 151 218,616. 40 1995-96 271 181,094. 90 1996-97 101 60,220. 30 1997-98 69 49,908. 10 1998-99 85 34,788. 10 1999-00 130 44,929. 50 2000-01 53 37,017. 30 2001-02 58 34,490. 60 2002-03 69 46,442. 90 2003-04 141 111,136. 10 2004-05 214 215,531. 00 2005-06 211 387,896. 90 2006-07 209 331,447. 50 2007-08 194 373,726. 40 2008-09 143 188,687. 60 2009-10 205 447,200. 00 2010-11 199 602,549. 30 2011-12 175 609,069. 50 2012-13 168 594,299. 80