Global Pollution Essay -- Environment, Environmental Issues

Contamination is a developing issue on the planet and is the significant reason that adds to numerous natural issues. What is typically named contamination, what sort of contamination is available on the planet, and what the individuals are doing to manage this contamination issue on the planet. There are a few issues with world contamination that are related with a dangerous atmospheric devation and incorporate waste removal, water contamination, and air contamination. These things are generally brought about by individuals on the planet who produce squander. This has been a developing inconvenience and is (overlook) presently been taken as a significant issue. Answers for these circumstances have been considered to keep the Earth and all the things in it. One of the circumstances that are associated with world contamination is squander removal. There are numerous manners by which trash or different materials are discarded, which includes the most evident arrangement, and the one most ordinarily utilized, is essentially to cover those squanders underground, regularly in metal drums or solid holders. This technique for removal has any few downsides, be that as it may. For instance, drums and holders tear open, releasing unsafe synthetic substances into the groundwater. Individuals living close to dangerous waste locales are then presented to those synthetic substances in their drinking water, through food developed on the land, or in different ways. Since non-white individuals and low-salary individuals will in general live close to unsafe waste locales definitely more regularly than accomplish progressively wealthy white individuals, risky waste removal is an issue of extraordinary worry to those networks (Newton). Another path used to discard squander is through cremation. This strategy requires exceptionally close observing, since the cinders and smoke can at present be similarly as risky as its physical structure. Consuming squanders at extremely high ... ...e condition that have had an effect on the living spaces of numerous living beings. The greater part of these contamination occurrences negatively affect both our condition and economy, which manages how food is delivered and how it is influenced by contamination. Water has additionally been impacted contrarily by the beating waste that is made by individuals and certain organizations and when it is dirtied by trash, there is nothing that is done until it turns into an issue. Everybody on the planet adds to contamination, each and every country, individual, and foundation, has some commitment to contamination. The main answer for the far reaching of contamination must be to create better and increasingly effective methods of giving capacity to our ordinary needs. The assets utilized mostly cause’s contamination, since each country utilizes their own assets that (overlook) have an effect on nature.

Macroeconomics Economics Commentary †patterns in America’s unemployment statistics Essay

Joblessness is characterized as â€Å"individuals who are effectively looking for work yet can't discover one.† The pace of joblessness anyway is the quantity of utilized people communicated as an extent of the work power. During the ongoing 2010 downturn, the United States (US) confronted an extraordinarily enormous joblessness rate. Notwithstanding the way that America has for the most part recouped from the downturn, a few areas of the American economy have not yet left the ‘recessionary zone.’ In this article, the quandary of American young people and blacks segregation is talked about. The insights given from the article exhibit a diminishing in the pace of joblessness inside the American economy. This is outlined in the diagram underneath as should be obvious the total flexibly of work shutting the hole between itself (in blue) and the total interest so as to accomplish showcase harmony. Factually, this improvement can be seen by the drop in joblessness figures from 9.4% in December 2009 to 9.4% one year later in December 2010. Examining the circumstance, various elements could have brought about this plunge. Fundamentally, sexual orientation disparity ought to be taken into regard. Females commanded ventures have expanded in size, for example, instruction and medicinal services businesses. Supporting my investigation, the pace of joblessness for ladies insignificantly fell by 0.1% not at all like their male partners whom endured more prominent misfortunes. Guys therefore observed a more noteworthy decline in their joblessness rates, falling by 0.8% in contrast with the female’s 0.1% likely because of segregating reasons, scholastic intentions or other social viewpoints. Another yet the most rule center debate brought up in the article is the way that blacks and young people are being separated experiencing the most noteworthy paces of joblessness. Adolescents bested a high joblessness level of 25.4% while blacks a little lower counted at 15.8%. Coherently this bodes well for youngsters (expecting they are in the activity looking through scope of 16 to 19 years of age), in this age bunch most adolescents have had minimal expert experience as accentuation is put on finishing their secondary school certificate, implying that the work power is in a general sense less gainful as these youngsters would have no or moderately no genuine past genuine work involvement with correlation with a senior individual creation them less speaking to managers. A developing number of young people decide to fill in as servers/servers as a result of inclination and taste for the activity yet more significantly, because of their need capabilities to work in workplaces and h uge firms. As laws upholding obligatory instruction up to a particular age become stricter and a higher number of juvenile people deciding to finish their examinations exists, these people are not included in the ‘pool of unemployment’ as they don't wish to have an occupation at that point. By assessing, blacks who appear to involve generally of grown-ups appear to be anyway to confront unfair reasons bringing about their fairly high joblessness rate. America could adjust a couple of its auxiliary strategies so as to dodge such emotional outcomes if a downturn were to happen once more. Right off the bat, better and more extensive preparing programs in every scholastic field ought to be offered to understudies at schools. In the event that the training turned out to be progressively adaptable, offering courses in a more extensive scope of subjects, the making of a potentially increasingly beneficial workforce is likely and all the more critically, having procured numerous abilities and gifts, these young people would be fit for securing new positions if there should be an occurrence of a basic change in the economy that requests various aptitudes. Another arrangement could be to on a very basic level guarantee that each young person is conceded some sort of access to great instruction/preparing program. Finally, as young people in school are not recorded as a major aspect of the joblessness rate, the pace of joblessness could be diminished if the administration were to give some kind of impetus to adolescents to return to/go to class. In addition to the fact that this would lessen joblessness figures in the short run, it would imply that these equivalent young people will be skilled to offer society considerably more as they would have increased proficient capabilities As indicated by Alicia Robb,†Asians are the most taught, so when you have the biggest pool of laborers, bosses are going to pick the most qualified† Robb’s proclamation clarifies the circumstance of the Asian race, having endured the least increment in joblessness yet most noteworthy fall un joblessness figures from 8.4% in December 2009 to 7.2% every year later. As of late, a voluminous measure of Asians have run to the United States. Not exclusively do they normally acquire higher qualified or more noteworthy work experience however Asian work has been marked to be generally modest bringing down a firm’s absolute costs, expanding benefits. The later age of these Asians (20 †30 years of age) are subsequently effectively qualified enough because of the improvement in America after 1980s and the vast majority of them are utilized in acceptable organizations and are very generously compensated at this point. The youthful age of Asians, which are added to the young people are currently focusing on instruction in America and the vast majority of them would return to their nations in the wake of graduating.

Things to do around C-U Adventure #2

Things to do around C-U Adventure #2 These past few weekends, Ive ventured over to what some might say is an unlikely source of entertainment: the museum. Spurlock, located on Gregory Street in Urbana, is kind of  the museum on campus, and its quite impressive with its 50,000 artifacts. However, even if youre not one to quietly walk through the exhibits, observing and absorbing the worlds history, never fear. There are events every Sunday from 1 to 3:30 p.m. that provide a more hands-on experience. Spurlock Sundays, as Ive started to think of them, host a number of different activities catered to all ages. There are three series: Sunday Splash, Spurlock Time Machine, and Cultural Celebrations. So far Ive sampled two of these events. The first time, my friend and I didnt really know what we were doing and ended up in an Astronomy presentation about the impending solar eclipse (ITS HAPPENING ON AUGUST 21, EVERYONE!). It was actually a very informative and exciting experience. We plan to be in Champaign or further southâ€"where the eclipse will enter totalityâ€"to go see it. During the presentation, we also created pinhole viewers (shown below) to be able to safely view the eclipse. Pinhole viewer The second time around was Spurlock Time Machine: Ancient Egypt. I dont know about everyone else, but when the description of the event said that I could be mummified, I quickly rallied my friends to go. It turned out that the mummification was actually more of a lay on the table while we pretend to mummify you for a presentation, type of activity, but still, it was fun to lay down for awhile. Me during the mummification process Bringing a group of friends was the best idea for this event. More than being able to participate in the  activities, it was a really good way to get everyone together on a weekend. During the summer, the hours kind of pass by quietly and quickly. If you have work,  you do that for most of the day. Then you go home, make dinner, prepare lunch for the next day, clean, watch some TV, and before you know it, its time for bed. Theres a lot less time than you think youll have, and you can easily go a week without seeing your friends around campus. Its important to find this time in between the daily things to remember that its summer, and even with work and other time commitments, the weather and friends are too amazing to let slip by. I invite you to make a plan and ask your friends to go with you. Put it in your calendar or on your phone, set a physical date and time to get together, and make life about those moments and experiences that make you happy. Alexandra Class of 2019 I'm an English major in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I'm also minoring in Business. May my blogs help you with your searches toward finding what you love.

An Analysis of Romanticism of Atala - 1168 Words

Megan Hartley Professor Planer Arts amp; Ideas November 8, 2010 An Analysis of Romanticism of Atala The Romantic Era brings to the mind of an uneducated person of a time of idyllic pleasure, carefree and light. If asked to picture it some may say a damsel in distress rescued by her knight riding in on a white stallion. However, the Romantic Era was more of an era of rebellion as the world moved away from the â€Å"correctness† in literary art and religion. It was an era of artistic movement, in literature, music, and the visual arts, that emphasizes pleasure in the natural world, fascination with the legends of the past and supernatural beings, creativity, imagination, exploration of human emotions, human activities struggling†¦show more content†¦Chactas chooses to follow the Christian ways that Father Aubry has shown them. Atala, struggles with guilt and desolation because she is torn between God, to whom she had consecrated her life previously to fleeing by taking a vow to preserve her chastity, and the love that has gr own between her and Chactas as they have spent time at the mission. She knows that her rebellion, in helping him to escape was not how her family had raised her, yet she feels that was the right thing to do. In trying to think things through further, however, she is unsure what path she should take. Not trusting in her own flesh, Atala takes poison; thinking that the best option would be to end her life so she does not break her vows to God. During the time that Atala is sick, Father Aubry and Chactas find out the real reason behind her illness. Father Aubry counsels Atala that it is possible for one to renounce his or her vows and the Christianity allows for that through grace. However, Chactas is less forgiving and anger takes over his emotions. Chactas love allows him to help Father Aubry care for Atala as she is dying because the poison is too far into her system. After her burial, Chactas heeds Father Aubry’s counsel and departs from the mission. Throughout the entire love story of Atala and Chactas, we can see creativity that Chateaubriand displays. He weaves together the Indian legends of that timeframe; also touching on great stories from authors

Story of an Hour vs. Yellow Wallpaper - 794 Words

Lacen English II 22 January 2011 Differently Similar In the short stories â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, are stories about women who suffer from different conditions, but are very similar. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† the main character suffers from an unknown heart condition, and becomes very detached from her husband. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the main character suffers from a psychological condition, and is taken care of by her husband John but slowly grows away from his care. While these women may have very different situations, they are very similar in the way they grow away from their husbands, feeling oppressed by society, and wanting to feel free. The first†¦show more content†¦In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the main character is constantly being told what she is and is not able to do such as â€Å"But he said I wasn’t able to go, nor able to stand it after I got there;†¦ ( Gilman)† This is an excellent example of her feeling oppressed, because her husband feels that he knows her capabilities better than she does. Another example of this is â€Å"’What is it little girl?’ he said. ‘Don’t go walking about like that—you’ll get cold.’ (Gilman)† This is an example of John thinking that her condition is so bad, she has to be treated like a child, constantly telling her what and what not to do. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† the shows she has felt depressed with â€Å"There would be no one to live for during those coming years; she would live for herself. (Chopin)† After receiving news that her husband passed away in a train accident, she felt as if the burden of doing things for her husband was lifted, and that she could do the things she wants to do. The final similarity these two women share is the wanting to feel free. The woman in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† feels that she is capable of doing what she wants to do when she says â€Å"Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good. (Gilman)† With this she shows that not being able to work and have excitement would help improve her condition more than rest and medicine would. 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Feminism has evolved into our society in a slowly but remarkably life-changing way. Since the beginning of time, men have been deemed superior over women for the anatomy of their bodies and intellectual abilities. In the 21st century, patriarchal abuse has lessenedRead MoreThe Third Floor Bedroom : Man Vs. Nature1865 Words   |  8 PagesThe Third Floor Bedroom (Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Self) Sunlight was streaming in through the window in Frisk’s cozy bedroom. The flowers outside were thriving with rich, vibrant colors. The birds were harmonizing, singing a sweet morning tune. The rock pathway that led up to their house twinkled like a galaxy of stars. The pale blue that stretched across the sky seemed endless. Frisk sat up from their bed, stretching their tiny limbs. They shifted in the blankets, facing the never opened window.Read MoreMedia Magic Making Class Invisible2198 Words   |  9 Pagesgives examples as to how the media portrays the poor in a demeaning way. 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Rammed Earth Free Essays

string(93) " reduction of CO2 during the structures lifetime, high thermal mass and low operating costs\." RAMMED EARTH Fionnadh McGonigle 0818555 Contents †¢ History (page 2) †¢ The Use of Rammed Earth within the UK (pages 3 4) †¢ Rammed Earth as a Sustainable material, Thermal and Insulation properties (pages 5 6 ) †¢ Weather Protection (page 7) †¢ Construction week o Aims (page 8) o Risk Assessment (page 9,10 11) o Prototype I (pages 12,13 14) o Prototype II (page 15) o Earth preparation (pages 15 16) o Prototype III (pages 17, 18) o Final Wall (pages 19, 20 21) o Revised Risk assessment (page 22) Conclusion (pages 23, 24 25) †¢ Bibliography (page 26) Rammed Earth Historical Use The use of earth itself in construction dates back thousands of years, the first recorded city – Jericho was built of earth. The first recorded use of rammed earth was by the Babylonians in 5000BC. Parts of the western portion of the Great Wall of China 300BC are built of rammed earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Rammed Earth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Almost every European country has a history of rammed earth construction but is usually a material associated with arid areas. 780-1850 Rammed earth experienced popularity in the USA until mass production of fire bricks and sawed lumber became readily available. These materials were now favoured for being more elegant and modern than using rammed earth – or â€Å"dirt†. However during World War I and the Great depression, supply shortages prompted a return to Rammed Earth. Rammed Earth remained fairly unpopular then until the 1970’s when it began to be rejuvenated by the environmentally conscious. Despite Rammed Earths extensive use throughout history, its use is still not so popular within the UK. Reason for this is largely due to architects/ Builders not knowing enough about the material and sticking to the familiar concrete, timber and brick ways that they know, rammed earth can often also be perceived as having cruder finishing and not in keeping with the clean-sharp lined finished which are so often preferred in today’s architecture- Though with the appropriate shuttering clean finishes can be achieved. Building with rammed earth is considered to carry greater risk and uncertainty, the material is yes, more suited to arid climates, but even in arid climates modern method of construction using rammed earth are being continually tried and tested e. g. in Australia. Rammed earth is a perfectly viable and good material to be used within the UK – there is a need to get past the reluctance to use and experiment with it more here – the climate presents a challenge which can be won in innovative ways. [pic] The Use of Rammed Earth within the UK Things which prohibit the wider use of Rammed earth within the UK †¢ The longer than average period needed for construction. †¢ The formwork and Labour costs. †¢ The climates high humidity climate – Moderate external temperatures. †¢ Concerns which are had about the careful detailing which can be required. †¢ Poor thermal resistance – The need for external walls to require additional insulation. †¢ Not all soil types are appropriate importation of soil for a rammed earth construction will significantly detract from its environmental credentials. The Quality control required for rammed earth constructions is quite high. †¢ Moisture movement can be caused by high clay content. †¢ The UK has few modern examples of rammed earth buildings – relatively untested in this climate – comparative to other countries. †¢ There are currently no UK codes of practice on rammed earth construction. †¢ Adding cement stabilisat ion can compromise its attributes as a sustainable material. †¢ It can be difficult to find insurance for rammed earth construction. It needs to be kept dry during construction which can result in the need for temporary roof structures. After construction this presents the needs for overhangs or on exposed sights structures to protect from prevailing elements- can compromise aesthetics. †¢ People hungry construction. †¢ Some more high profile examples of rammed earth building in the UK have experienced problems e. g. the Eden project- over hangs were not big enough and the splash back of rainwater has eroded some of the facade. Reasons why rammed earth would be chosen over other materials It distinct appearance. †¢ Natural and readily available. †¢ It has a low embodied energy. †¢ Rammed earth is hygroscopic – due to high moisture mass – it will regulate humidity. †¢ Post demolition – unstabilised earth is reusable. †¢ Sup ports sustainable practices by using local soils. †¢ High Thermal mass – though the extent of which has yet to be quantified. †¢ Airtight construction is achievable. †¢ It can be considered a traditional form of construction. †¢ Modern methods have and continue to be widely tried and tested overseas. An integrity of building is expressed which is often lacking nowadays. †¢ Expression of cultural conditions. †¢ Acoustic properties- its dry density (pd) is typically 2,100 kg/m3 therefore the weighted sound reduction index (Rw) would be 58. 3dB [1] and thus more than satisfies Building regulations (2000), Doc E Resistance to the Passage of Sound. Other considerations when Using rammed earth Rammed earth is hygroscopic, therefore external cladding systems must be vapour permeable to allow for evaporation. Important for unstabilised walls and less so for stabilised walls where stabilising agents will impair breathing, still it is better to consider vapour permeable solutions for both instances to reduce chances of condensation build up on the inside face of insulation. Water resistance the need to keep the structure dry post construction is done in various ways, large overhangs, plinths upon which the wall is constructed, rendering or cladding to the facade- these options will affect the structures sustainability, look and thermal mass. A comparison between the calculated U-values for both ‘conventional’ masonry and Stabilised rammed Earth wall designs [pic][2] Rammed earth as a sustainable material CO2 Emissions are greatly reduced with the use of rammed earth, as opposed to cement which due to the need for burning limestone produces CO2 contributing about 10% of the global CO2 emissions. Rammed earth taking soil from the site not using a stabiliser is the most sustainable method; however the addition of a cement stabiliser is common practice and considered to reduce considerably the risk and uncertainty, cement is used making up 6-7% of the mix. The embodied energy is low- its inherent recyclability and reduction of CO2 during the structures lifetime, high thermal mass and low operating costs. You read "Rammed Earth" in category "Papers" If the clay can be sourced from site, and is suitable then it eliminates all transportations cost. If the clay is not so suitable, then a stabiliser of cement can be added. If the soil on site is not at all suited for a rammed earth construction then clay can be transported to site- however both of these options will compromise the environmental integrity of the building, the latter of which doing so quite considerably. Also due to the need for rammed earth to be kept dry at all times during construction there can be a need for temporary roof structures to keep the rain away, this will therefore impact its sustainability. Depending also on what type of shuttering is used can lead to waste, for e. g. timber shutter although can be reused, its reuse is limited as it will become saturated from the moisture in the clay. Thermal Performances, Rammed earth has a high thermal mass – walls will naturally regulate both the internal temperature spaces, and can also regulate the temperatures of external spaces such as courtyards. Energy required to heat and cool a building can be greatly reduced if rammed earth is designed into the heating system, however the UK requires the addition of either internal or external insulation, this aside from affecting the aesthetic of either facade it is fixed to, will compromise the thermal mass of the adjacent space. Structural Performance, whilst the structural strength and stiffness is compromised with increased waster content, if designed correctly and waterproofing measure taken then rammed earth is perfectly capable of acting as a load bearing structure. Rammed earth which is imported in not only contribute to the cost and environmental issue of transportation, it also leaves a scar on the landscape as it is being taken from elsewhere, e. g. a quarry, even if this is later turned into some sort of nature reserve it is still leaving a permanent change to this landscape. Insulation – in the UK there are few examples of rammed earth combining insulation, most contemporary walls are unclad, but there is an increased need for insulation to be used in conjunction with the thermal mass of the walls. |Advantages |disadvantages | |External Insulation |Walls protected from weathering |Loss of characteristic appearance | | |Exposed thermal mass internally |Loss of thermal mass externally- which is | | | |sometimes used to regulate temperatures of | | | |spaces such as courtyards | | | | | |Internal Insulation |External appearance is maintained |Loss of available thermal mass. | | | |Internal appearance compromised | [pic][3][pic][4] Wea ther protection †¢ Weather needs to be drained away from walls †¢ Construction upon raised footings †¢ Avoidance of sites vulnerable to flooding †¢ Protecting wall from rain using adjoining elements e. g. roof overhangs †¢ Allow evaporation of moisture from walls †¢ Onsite which are considerably exposed there is a need to consider rain screen cladding or render. Construction Week Aims The aim of the work we did within the workshop was to question the building processes as a whole, by means of both small and large scale prototypes, to push the presumed limitations of a material and its formwork, to not just accept, that rules have been predetermined, but to push for innovation. As we studied, the idea of the â€Å"builders yard† allows for just this, meaning a material can be taken and experimented with, in a specific location which possesses the same limiting factors as the actual site e. g. Climate and resources, and test particular means of creating the desired construction before doing so, it is a hub for construction in the area- encouraging risk by means of experimentation rather than out casting it. The advantages of such an idea are that when a material can be experimented with it allows for greater understanding and judgment of its limitation- rather than acceptance of existing limitations, and therefore systems of constructing and spatial relationships can be explored. The community have a personal knowledge of the neighbourhood its character and needs, they are given the power to modify and contribute to it, their personal attachment means, as workmen they have a continued responsibility to the changes which occur with building in the area as well as maintenance of them. The people who work together within the builder’s yard understand and achieve better quality meaningful results; the workmen are uniquely and specifically educated, and the buildings produced are, unlike much of the current construction possess a humane quality, a warm character. The focus on the act of making allows for and evolution and a subsequent greater understanding of everything involved in the construction and about the materials. By making the rammed earth wall within the studio we were pushing the boundaries of predetermined limitations, re-examine the architectural production of rammed earth, and coming up with our own unique response. We explored the possible use of fabric formwork by means of making and testing prototypes on a small scale and then on progressively larger scales we see how it uniquely responds to specific methods thus learning learn how the material and structure can better work together, creating a successful wall with fluid innovative shapes, with lower embodied energy. Whilst making our wall every element was specifically made and tested and altered, until the best result were achieved, for example we experimented a lot with the sizes of our buttons, trying to get them to sufficiently restrain the wall –without damaging it when removing them, we were fortunate to stumble upon a size which not only did the job we required but more. This scenario is similar to what happens in the builder’s yard; it is this experimentation –and risk taking which leads to the discovery and sometimes unexpected discovery of innovative solution and inventions. There can be other factors, such as keeping cost down driving the invention of new materials and components. [pic] [pic] [pic] Prototype I As a group did we met with Roland for a quick briefing on what direction we should take for our rammed earth wall, he suggested that we should first sit down together and come up with some ideas and sketches to make some prototypes, and that we should also sort out the earth so that it would be ready for when we begin construction. We discussed some ideas about what sort of shaped wall we would like to achieve, including some over ambitious ideas of constructing the walls then flipping it! We agreed we wanted to design a wall to incorporate a curve, a variation in thickness of the wall from bottom to top. We divided into three groups and set about coming up with a design each and building a prototype to text these ideas. Once the earth and fabric had been sorted we each returned to our prototypes, and began to each work out and start making our frame work. Our group decided to make a framework by cutting a . Semi Lunar shape to incorporate some variation in thickness throughout the wall the . Assembling a frame to which we could pin the fabric to at intervals after each period of . Ramming. The Idea was that one side of the wall would be taut and quite flat and the . other we would periodically place round ties to restrain the wall and create an undulating shape to it. [pic][pic][pic] Basic framework Difficulties with attaching fabric and supporting threads Excessive budging over buttons. Issues highlighted by Prototype 1: †¢ First of all we needed to add further supports as the structure was not as stable as hoped. Tight spaces need to re-think to consider a pneumatic rammer fitting inside the formwork/ framework. †¢ The way the formwork was constructed some of the supports hindered the pinning of the fabric to wood. †¢ The button and tie system we used was not as successful as we hoped- we believed this to be down to the size of the wooden buttons being too small in diam eter , which resulted in them become stuck under the overhanging rammed earth and were difficult to remove without causing damage to the wall. They did not restrain the width of the wall much either, this was also partly due to us leaving the thread too long. Also initially we put on the ties without the wooden disc which resulted in a serious overhang. When we were ramming the earth we did so by hand, using some pieces of wood with flat ends, the highlighted another problem-as due to the way the framework was constructed we had a piece of wood running across the top we made manoeuvring a piece of wood let alone a pneumatic rammer difficult. †¢ Despite having made a definite shape in the base board, to influence the shape of the wall- it in reality had no effect as the fabric took its own shape. †¢ The need to be taught correctly how to mix the earth and test it. †¢ The need to not put too much earth in at each layer as the lower down parts were not getting properly c ompressed [pic] [pic] Prototype II This prototype consisted of 3 wooden sides and a wooden base cut with a curve the fabric was then pinned to the front and around the curve – the idea being that pinning the fabric to the curved base would create a curved facade. However this prototype was pretty unsuccessful – it suffered structural issues and was not strong enough to withstand the pressure of the rammed earth inside, as it was simply nailed together. The fabric also failed to restrain the form of the wall and budged with little shape. Another issue was that as this prototype required a wooden base beneath it, -not so practical! – In reality this would be likely to make the wall less structurally sound- and would be pretty impossible to remove as a rammed earth wall is extremely heavy. In conclusion this wall was a failure. [pic] SOIL TESTING [pic] Compressing the soil then dropping from arms length away. EARTH PREPARATION Whilst making the first prototype our earth was not of the correct consistency – which resulted in our wall crumbling a bit. We had used the earth which we had moved indoor on day one – we added some water to the clay- thinking this would help the earth-stick and compact better. It wasn’t until Rowland came on the 3rd day and was able to tell us immediately, the mistakes we had made, and then showed us the correct for mixing, preparing and testing the earth. We broke down our prototypes returning the earth to the pile and also broke down the previous year’s pillars so the soil could be recycled. [pic] [pic] At first we used the pneumatic rammer to break down these pillars- this was also our first encounter with using the pneumatic rammer, so we learned some general things about using it – safety precautions with turning it on and off, how it must be held, and despite having identified issues of safety in our risk assessment – not many precautions were taken – wearing of safety clothing/boots/goggles. We then began to break it up further using shovels and spades- a lot of dust had been created by this process so we got buckets of water and using bottles threw water over the earth and clay. Once it had all been broken down we began to mix it altogether whilst adding water at the same time. The earth needed to be constantly moved and shovelled – thoroughly so that it’s would be of the same consistency throughout. When the appearance of the mix changed and seemed to be getting close to what we wanted – it looked darker and less dry and dusty, we beg an to testing it. To test the soil we picked up a handful – squeezed it tightly between both hands, then holding it at arm’s length away from the body- arm held straight – dropped the earth from this height and if it broke into 3 main pieces then we would know that it was ready to ram. It took several testing remixing / adding extra moisture attempts before we did get the earth just right. We also needed to continue testing the earth as over the days it could dry out – so we regularly mixed the soil and tested it adding water when necessary. PROTOYPE III On the third day, when Rowland came and saw each of our sub groups prototypes. He was able to give us feedback, and give us some explanation to why some things had occurred which we hadn’t expect. In our prototype the spacing of the buttons presenting some issues, as did the several elements of the framework. As a group with the help of Rowland we began work on another prototype, again involving a curve, this time a more defined one with the hope it would have an impact on the shape of the wall. This time however we were to make are formwork as minimal as possible. At first we used just two pieces of wood placed either side of the fabric, and at the other end we used thread to sew it up. Sewing a few inches at a time, to make manoeuvring the pneumatic rammer easier. It was then decided we would place a piece of timber at one end-to achieve a flat surface. We spaced the buttons further apart from each other and more evenly spaced. We made planned the wall so it would be 1. 5m long but due to the excess budging which occurred it was approx 1. 2m in length and 1. m high, we positioned 3 rows of 2 button / thread equally spaced. Also when with the previous prototype when we placed the threads simply did so and then proceeded to ram the earth, however this presented a problem when it came to t rying to remove then- it was really not possible to remove then without serious damage to the wall occurring. So to avoid this problem, we used some plastic tubing, through which the threads would sit, this would allow use to remove the threads and re use them again within the same wall. When using these we had to be careful whilst ramming and not hit or cause excess pressure on the threads as they could break or bend. [pic][pic][pic][pic] Tubing covering Threads Button buckling under pressure sewing of one side wooden panel at other side When ramming the wall we added a few inches of earth at a time, making sure that it was even first then rammed it until it compressed down and then added the next layer- it is quite a long process. It was necessary to ram the edges first keeping the rammer moving at all times moving from the edges inwards, ramming around the thread/tubes until it was at a point where enough earth was above the thread it was safe to ram on top. This prototype was largely successful the few things were again highlighted which we would resolve within the final piece. Again something highlighted by the buttons; was that because of the way we made them- 75mm diameter, bigger than in the first prototype, but they were made using thinner wood than before and due to the pressure of the rammed earth above the buttons- they had actually buckled and bent. This however was a positive thing as they both allowed them to be removed easily-and without damaging the wall, and also created a nice effect on the wall aesthetically. [pic] [pic]Final Wall We had been quite successful in our final prototype so our intention was pretty much scale this up for our final wall. We began by cutting a piece of timber to create a hole sized 1. m by 300mm, to which the fabric which we had cut 4m x 2. 2m was then pinned to the underside of the piece of wood- to keep it in place and restrained during ramming. We used on piece timber 2m x 300mm on one end which we nailed to the fabric and base board at One end, to achieve our flatter surface, and on the other end, we used the me thod of sewing to create a more curvaceous crafted appearance. The fabric was sewn at intervals, approx 30mm at a time. The Earth which we had prepared as outlined- in Earth preparation, had 2-3 people constantly working to keep its consistency and moisture content even, and at interval shovel it into the structure. Earth was filled and evened out at approx 15mm at a time and then rammed and compressed down. Two people were needed to ram at all times, with 2-3 supporting people, holding material, and also as we got higher and higher- needed to help hold and steel the pneumatic rammer as it became more and more difficult with height. The process of ramming would begin once the earth had been levelled, begging at edges and moving systematically towards the centre, taking care when approaching the plastic tubes containing the treads and attached to the buttons- directly ramming above them could cause them to bend and distort the shape and support they gave. At 350-400mm vertical spacing’s buttons and threads were attached, piercing the fabric with a knife to create a hole through which the threads within their plastic tubes were placed, to the end of these on the exteriors of the fabric were placed the buttons, which were had cut 75mm in diameter using a piece of thin piece of wood approx 7mm thick. These buttons, along with supporting washers and bolt could later be removed along with the actual thread, and reused. The buttons etc were placed at 300mm horizontal intervals. The Spacing was determined from out prototype as the best spacing to create enough support, least uncontrolled bulging, without over restraining the structure. This added the restraint of the wall, the crafting of curvaceous shapes and ease of removal of components. The making of the wall comprised of adding earth the earth then ramming and repeating this process until 350-400mm height was achieved, then addition of the threads and buttons and repeating again until we reached 2m height. All the while we also were constantly maintaining and controlling the earth consistency by turning, adding moisture and regularly testing as explained earlier. As we reached higher –more people were required to aid the steering and supporting of the pneumatic rammers, but as we had less soil we were able to sacrifice people from this. In reality on a larger scale project this may not be a solution that could work, however as our means of reaching higher and higher was a series of standing on chairs and then tables and even some risque chairs on table, this would definitely not happen on a real site as it would most certainly be violating all sorts of health and safety rules, adequate scaffolding would be used and people the people working on ramming and earth maintenance would remain constant. Once the wall had been rammed until the top and almost all of our soil supply had been used, we were able to take down the fabric formwork, which took comparatively little time to assembly and construction. We unscrewed the buttons removing them which care†¦ just in case†¦. hey had in the same way with the prototype buckled under the strain and had curved round so once removed left a beautiful perfectly ball like shape, and we quite easy to removing, causing no damage to the structure, after that we cut the fabric to remove it, it was very easy on the side with the wood, coming away leaving a very flat surface, on the other side, some more care was taken not to damage the imprint of the sewing, though more care was taken than was probably needed- the deceptively soft look of the wall made one think it might just crumble away, which was of course not the case, it was more delicate at edges such at the ends that were sewn, but very durable. The only part of the wall which really presented any issues when removing the fabric was the bottom, of course the fabric pinned beneath could not be removed, but as the wall had bulged over the wooden base trapping fabric below, we had to cut around the bulges leaving fragments of the fabric stuck beneath- it was just impossible to remove, but they were not noticeable after edges were trimmed, and neither affected the strength or overall appearance of the wall. The only implication if would have in real building sites would the amount of fabric salvaged from each construction would be less , and whilst it could be reused, the size of fabric over time would shrink and shrink. [pic] The changes to the design we did make from our previous prototype were: †¢ We discarded the idea of incorporating the curve as in every attempt so far had been unsuccessful, having no affected on the shape of the wall. So we simply cut a straight rectangular shape into our baseboard. †¢ Rather than having two pieces of wood either side of the fabric then bolted together and the piece of timber then placed inside the piece, we used the one piece of wood at one end and attached the fabric to that. As the wall was going to be longer we would be using 3 button / threads per row and having 4 rows We stuck with the method of sewing up the other side as it had been quite successful in the last wall, however in the final wall throughout the process of ramming it became apparent that it was leaning quite a bit particularly at the top of the wall- as can be seen in the final photograph. [pic]FINAL WALL [pic] Conclusion During the course of construction we learned a lot about building with rammed earth. Before this week I believed that building the wall would be a lot more complicated than it actually is, and I found it fascinating at how much could be achieved with some Fabric, thread, very little wood, some buttons and some earth! It was interesting the affect that the stitching, buttons and wood had on the wall- a very unique finish could be achieved and the structure was so strong and solid despite of it looking much like a giant cushion. The first thing we did in preparation for construction week was our risk assessment- however despite highlighting various precautionary measures we should take – in reality we took almost none. However I think that the risk assessment was still quite accurate in assessing the risk it was wrong not to observe the suggested measures. We did at times wear goggles when the dust simply made it impossible to see what we were doing when ramming, and we did take great care when using the ramming equipment as its use carried the most danger. But in the end I think fashion won out over the use of goggles, masks, boots and gloves. The Buttons which we used were probably the most successful thing that came out of our construction week. Although by complete accident. Because we had used a thinner piece of wood for our buttons in the final prototype when we rammed the wall – the buttons buckled under the pressure and at first we thought that this was another failure, but in the end it turned out this worked in our favour- they were easy to remove without damaging the wall, but also gave a very clean nice rounded indentation- success! [pic][pic] [pic] The Rammed Earth wall and construction methods we used differs from the conventional way in which a rammed earth wall is made by using fabric as formwork as opposed to wood or metal as is the norm. Within UEL the students and staff are pioneering the use of fabric formwork with rammed earth – which has otherwise been left unexplored as a method. In previous year in UEL students and staff have also experimented with fabric to make rammed earth columns. The use of fabric in other construction methods such as concrete has been successful, well received and used more and more in various new and innovative ways. The wall which we built was largely a success in all aspects of shape, height, strength and texture. Making it very possible that this project, could lead the way for further use of fabric formwork within the field of rammed earth constructions. It has been proven successful and there is no reason that this method could not be adopted as a viable means of construction in mainstream rammed earth constructions. The Reasons why constructing a rammed earth wall using fabric is better than current method are numerous: ? Sustainability ? The use of low embodied energy rammed in conjunction with fabric resulted in an ultra ecological combo. ? The fabric can be used and reused, as can the buttons and threads ? Beauty ? Sculpted texture created when using fabric can be quite desirable, and will be depending upon specific fabric choice ? The Positioning of the buttons will also impact upon the finished appearance. The effect achieved with our wall was that of a large cushion As there are fewer limitations on the size of fabric which can be used as there are when using wood – where marks from joints are unavoidable. ? Rapid construction and deconstruction of formwork. ? Fewer things are needed to construct a wall when using fabr ic, so in principle this method could be used in obscure locations where communications are poor, as transpiration would not pose as much of a problem as it would if using heavy –bulky formwork, provided of course the earth could be found on site. ? Expense –Fabric is less expensive than conventional formwork, fabric formwork is approx 1/25th [5] the cost of dimensional lumber ? Less Weight- weighting approx 1/300th[6] of rigid formwork. There are too, reasons why using fabric formworks may not be favoured. ? Manpower The way in which we constructed our wall required people to do various different things simultaneously, ramming, holding the fabric to keep it tense, shovelling the earth into the wall, turning the soil to maintain moisture consistency. In general at any one time we required 7-8 people so building on a larger scale could present issues of number of people required. Although alternative method of turning the soil or holding the fabric could be adapted. ? A ppearance ? The fabric restrained appearance may not be appropriate to the design and desired look. ? Height restrictions ? Whilst there are no specific height restrictions associated with fabric form work- it is an aspect of this construction method- yet to be explored fully- our wall was just less than 2m, what would happen when the height would be increased? Would there be significant implication affecting thickness of the wall? Budging is not as controlled with fabric as with wooden formwork. One of the great things I saw from our construction week was working together with a set of people for one week for a common goal- we achieved so much, learning from each other sharing ideas and testing them, One can really see how this is in some small way how the builders yard idea must function, and therefore I would believe it to be a really successful idea. If a small group of people in one week can create this unique rammed earth wall- then communities of people working together on projects of greater long-term significance to them i. e. heir homes their neighbourhood the places they will spend their lives, with such vested interested interests, and working on larger scales over longer periods should be creating all sorts of innovative building techniques, materials and components. Bibliography Buildings of Earth and Straw: structural design for Rammed Earth and Straw; Bruce King Introduction to health and safety in Construction; P. Hughes Martin Rauch: Rammed Earth; Kapfinger, Otto Rammed Earth: Design and Construction guidelines; Peter Walker, Rowland Keable Rammed Earth Structures: a code of justice; Julian Keatle The Architect – Builder The rammed earth house / Photographs by Cynthia Wright; David Easton TS Intuition Process; Peter Salter Essay: Re-viewing the builder’s yard as a place for design and Visualization; Charlie Hailey, Ph. D. www. eartharchitecture. org/ www. earthstructures. co. uk www. greenspec. co. uk www. historicrammedearth. co. uk www. historicrammedearth. wordpress. com www. listserv. repp. org/pipermail/greenbuilding www. rammed-earth. info www. rammedearth. davis. net. au www. terrafirmabuilders. ca ———————– [1] http://www. earthstructures. co. uk/feature_sra_amended. pdf [2] http://www. earthstructures. co. uk/feature_sra_amended. pdf [3] www. greenspec. co. uk [4] www. greenspec. co. uk [5] www. fab-form. com [6] www. fab-form. com How to cite Rammed Earth, Papers

Pharmacist role in healthcare free essay sample

Pharmacy Health care profession Health Is a word very known but It carries a lot of complications and troubles. According to the WHO, health Is a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and not merely absence of any illness. Health care system depends upon a health care team. A health care team is the group of community who contribute to a common health goal and common objectives determined by community needs. Although community pharmacist is of key importance in providing better health care the patient, In India, Pharmacist has no any recognition in the health care system as ompare to other well-established countries. The community pharmacist can take part In health promotion campaigns, locally and nationally, on a wide range of drug related and health related topics. A community pharmacist involvement could play an important role in the following areas of health care. Pharmacists are dynamic, patient-oriented professionals committed to fulfilling the health care needs of their patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Pharmacist role in healthcare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pharmacy is a profession that is expanding in new directions to meet the health care needs. There is a movement amongst pharmacists beyond the traditional compounding and dispensing of medication, owards a more professional advisory and primary health care role. A modern-day pharmacist can be trained in providing the knowledge concerning: 1 . Optimal drug therapy for patients with a focus on drug interactions and potential side effects 2. Counseling on various disease conditions 3. Education and promotion of the general health of the public 4. Information on immunization. World over pharmacist Is one of the Important member of the health-team Including clinical research. If Indian pharmacist is not fulfilling this role, then he should be appropriately trained and be oriented as a health-care provider to the vast rural opulation. He can be used intelligently as an alternative manpower towards the sacred goals of: 1. as a communicator 2. as a quality drug supplier 3. as a health promoter 4. as a collaborator 5. as a trainer and Supervisor A. As Pharmacist and health promoter (a) Immunization (b) Minor dressing (c) Preventing tropical diseases (d) Providing drug-information (e) Monitoring adverse drug reactions (f) Monitoring and minimizing adverse drug interactions (g) Preventing misuse of drugs (h) Preventing medication errors B. Healtn educator 1. Nutrition Counseling 2. Individualization of Drug Therapy 3. Family Planning 4. Alcohols, Drug Abuse and Smoking Cessation 5. Sexually Transmitted Diseases AIDS 6. Rational Use of Drugs 7. Women Welfare Pregnancy and Infant Care Community pharmacist can play significant role in assuring adequate nutrition by advising his patients about basic food needs, keeping to correct improper food habits in children, advising on special requirements, suggesting special diet instructions for diabetic patients and people with food allergy and participating in school lunch programs and schemes like mid-day meals etc. , in rural areas.. 2. Women Welfare Pregnancy and Infant Care Women health care is the first priority in India. Women are the corner stone for effective public health and investing in women translate into investing in family, community and the Nation. The pharmacist who understands the normal course of pregnancy and infancy is at a distinct advantage as he or she can guide the mother in simple matters of hygiene and management. The community pharmacist can encourage breast feeding and can play a major role by guiding the mother for the protection of the child by following proper immunization schedule. Efforts are definitely underway in th;s area. 3. Rational Use of Drugs A community pharmacist can do therapeutic drug monitoring and he should have a sound knowledge of genotype reporting i. e. predictive pharmacology. How many amongst the common people know that drugs such as Action 500, Coldarin can increase blood pressure in patients having hypertension. Even pain shows difference between men and women. Where women respond better to the opiods such as morphine, pentazocine and pethidine men respond better to the non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug, ibuprofen. In a nut shell there should be rational use of drug i. e. , right drug in right patient in right dose at right time.