Analyze a Foreign Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze a Foreign Song - Essay Example (â€Å"Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna – Part 8†). â€Å"Mitwa† is a typical instance of popular Bollywood film music in contemporary times. It has a catchy, lighthearted tune, fuses Western and Indian styles of music and even has a few lines of English lyrics. E.g.: â€Å"Love will find a way† is part of the refrain verse. The time signature is a simple 4/4. There are three main singers: Shafqat Amanat Ali, Shankar Mahadevan and Carolisa. The texture is therefore a polyphonic one. The leading voice is a tenor. The orchestra and chorus are present throughout the song and contribute significantly to the song. The orchestra comprises instruments of both the Indian classical music tradition as well as the Western music tradition. For instance, the Indian Tabla and the electric guitar are both discernible in the refrain (ref. 1:47 of the song). The form of the song, like most mainstream Bollywood music, is strophic. The tune of the first stanza is repeated for later sta nzas; there is a common refrain as well. The device of counterpoint is also used at times, notably around 2:15 when the singer sings a taan, or a rapid progression of melodic notes. â€Å"Mitwa† is different from the typical Western popular song in several ways. The instruments it puts to use, like the Tabla and the Indian keyboard Harmonium, are not heard in mainstream pop music in America. If one were to compare it with something like Eminem’s â€Å"Lose Yourself†, the difference emerges right away. â€Å"Lose Yourself† is entirely a rap song with words that are spoken rather than sung to a repetitive percussion. Melody and harmony are not integral parts of a rap song. In â€Å"Mitwa† however, the orchestral music and melody of the songs are crucial to the song. â€Å"Mitwa† also has musical interludes and refrains that are very different from the refrain in â€Å"Lose Yourself† which is primarily rap. Bob Dylan’s â€Å"The Times They Are A-Changin’† belongs firmly to the traditions of Folk and Country & Western music. Comparing it with â€Å"Mitwa† also reveals differences. Dylan’s song relies primarily on the content of his lyrics to carry it through. The song itself is sung simply with a minimalist acoustic guitar accompaniment. This is in stark contrast with â€Å"Mitwa† which uses an extravagant orchestra throughout. â€Å"Mitwa† can be contrasted against a Bluesy track like Cream’s â€Å"Crossroads† too. â€Å"Crossroads† has an eight-note riff in its rhythm section whereas â€Å"Mitwa† has a refrain that is dominated by the percussive sounds of the Tabla and the Interlude music. This song has several eclectic features. The uses of an orchestra ensemble, the fusion of Western and Indian music and the use of English words in the lyrics are all its defining features. In this it is similar to the Western tradition of the musical an d call-and-response urban gospel music. In both these styles there is the presence of a chorus, usually there is also an orchestra ensemble. The polyphonic texture and importance of melody are also common features. â€Å"Mitwa† can be compared to a song like â€Å"I Will Follow Him† from the Sister Act soundtrack which has a similar buildup. It starts out with just the vocals; then there is the introduction of the percussion and accompanying instruments and finally the climax with the entire chorus and orchestra. I liked the song because of its lilting tune that slowly builds up into a catchier beat. I

Review and evaluation of information security program Term Paper

Review and evaluation of information security program - Term Paper Example Introduction 3 2. Information security governance and its strategy 4 3. Regulations for information security in banking software industry and their influence on governance of the security program 4 4. Information security governance model and framework 6 5. Implementation of company’s security program, challenges and their remedies 12 6. Measuring the company’s information security program success 13 7. What is working well within the company’s security program? 14 8. What is not working well within the company’s security program? 16 9. Improvement of information security governance 17 10. conclusion 18 Review and evaluation of information security program 1. Introduction An IT oriented company is more prone to information security risks than a regular institution. The company in consideration provides banking software services which is a complex task requiring complete security to its clients. The company consists of several departments such as administra tion, finance, software development among others making the total workforce to be over 200 individuals. The company Information security governance formulates strategic goals, ensures achievement of goals, manages risks; make use of resources, and carefully assesse the achievement of the information security program. ... Previously the company has not had well-structured procedures to evaluate attainment of the set information security objectives in order to take appropriate intervention measures. As of now the company has an efficient approach to management of security threats and risks. This approach has been made possible by implementation of some aspects of security management. Information security policies According to Monaghan (2009), there are various security policies that ensure effective information security governance and provide a way of protecting organization’s information assets (information and  information systems) from destruction, disruption, unauthorized access, use or disclosure. Personal Communication Devices and Voicemail policy describes Information Security's requirements for usage of Personal Communication Devices and Voicemail that include all handheld wireless devices, wireless cards and pagers for an organization. Bluetooth devices and voicemail boxes are issued to authorized personnel upon approval. This policy further dictates that files containing data that is deemed sensitive shall never be stored on these devices. Physical security policy governs access to facilities housing critical information systems and back-up systems like the company server rooms. These facilities are subject to access monitoring enabling the capture of identity of the person entering or exiting as well as the timestamp. This policy ensures secure location of network devices, servers and storage media are accessed by authorized personnel and that entry codes are changed periodically where locking mechanisms with keypads are used. It gives

The Factors Influencing Procurement Strategy Construction Essay

The Factors Influencing Procurement Strategy Construction Essay Masterman described project procurement as the organizational structure needed to design and build construction projects for a specific client. This is very true to an extent because the process of obtaining a building by a client involves a group of people who are brought together and organized systematically in term of their roles, duties, responsibilities and interrelationship between them. After assessing all options and confirming the need for a construction project, a more detailed case for the project should be developed. A strategic approach to procurement should be based on understanding the clients business needs and drivers, and to fully appreciate the market in which it operates. This is absolutely fundamental in establishing how efficient the construction project can assist the client in achieving business success. The bespoke nature of many construction projects increases the inherent risks. These risks include completing a project which does not meet needs, which is delivered late or costs more than the client can pay or fund. All these risks can impact the clients core business, seriously. The procurement strategy developed should balance risks against project objectives at an early stage. Even at this early stage, initial concept designs can be developed to enable the client and those who will use the new facility to look at how initial designs will respond to business needs. FACTORS INFLUENCING PROCUREMENT STRATEGY The selection of an appropriate procurement strategy has long been identified as a major contributor to project success but which route is the most appropriate depends on the goals, requirements and resources available. Many procurement strategy selection techniques have been developed, with a view to assisting clients in their choice of the most appropriate procurement approach for their projects (Kumaraswamy and Dissanayaka, 2001; Luu et al., 2005; Perng et al., 2006; RICS, 2007). Most conventional procurement selection techniques are based around the concepts of time, cost and quality. While the use of such criteria can be used as a guide to assist decision-makers with an initial understanding of the basic attributes of a particular procurement method they should not be used as the sole basis for selecting the procurement method. This is because of the underlying complexity associated with matching client needs and priorities with a particular procurement method. An array of variables can influence the choice of a procurement method. Once the primary strategy for a project has been established, then the following factors should be considered when evaluating the most appropriate procurement strategy (Rowlinson, 1999; Morledge et al. 2006): External factors consideration should be given to the potential impact of economic, commercial, technological, political, social and legal factors which influence the client and their business, and the project team during projects lifecycle. For example, potential changes in interest rates, changes in legislation and so on. Client characteristics a clients knowledge, the experience of the organization with procuring building projects and the environment within which it operates will influence the procurement strategy adopted. Client objectives are influenced by the nature and culture of the organization. The degree of client involvement in the project is a major consideration. Project characteristics The size, complexity, location and uniqueness of the project should be considered as this will influence time, cost and risk. Ability to make changes Ideally the needs of the client should be identified in the early stages of the project. This is not always possible. Changes in technology may result in changes being introduced to a project. Changes in scope invariably result in increase costs and time, especially they occur during construction. It is important at the outset of the project to consider the extent to which design can be completed and the possibility of changes occurring. Cost issues An assessment for the need for price certainty by the client should be undertaken considering that there is a time delay from the initial estimate to when tenders are received. The extent to which design is complete will influence the cost at the time of tender. If price certainty is required, then design must be complete before construction commences and design changes avoided. Timing Most projects are required within a specific time frame. It is important that an adequate design time is allowed, particularly if design is required to be complete before construction. Assurances from the design team about the resources that are available for the project should be sought. Planning approvals can influence the progress of the project. If early completion is a critical factor then design and construction activities can be overlapped so that construction can commence earlier on-site. Time and cost tradeoffs should be evaluated. Risk The unique and bespoke nature of building projects means that clients who decide to build are invariably confronted with high degrees of risk. The risk inherent in every construction project can be assumed by another party. The principal guideline in determining whether a risk should be transferred is whether the receiving party has both the competence to fairly assess the risk and the expertise necessary to control or minimize it (Harman, 1996). Hartman (1996) found that both parties must have a clear and similar understanding of the risk. The selection of a procurement method should be viewed as an iterative process whereby project objectives and constraints are constantly compared with possible procurement solutions. Turner (1990) says that the key to procurement is to identify the priorities in the objectives of the client and to plan a path, a procurement route that will be most appropriate. It is emphasized that priorities must be put in order of precedence, each in order before other, because by definition there can be only one priority. SELECTING THE PROCUREMENT ROUTE A good number of procurement methodologies are available to satisfy a clients priorities in the project objectives. There are procurement methods that will achieve: Certainty of cost and time for a design developed by an architect employed by the client. However, this is a sequential and consequently slow process (known as the traditional procurement process or design-bid-build). Relative speed and cost certainty. However, the design will usually be the responsibility of a contractor and consequently the client will lose some control over the design process (known as design-build). Relative speed for a design developed by an architect employed by the client. However, cost is uncertain almost until completion (known as either management contracting or construction management). Here, we look at each of these strategies in a little more detail. TRADITIONAL PROCUREMENT This is probably the most commonly used method of procurement and it is suitable for: all clients (experienced or inexperienced), complex projects and/or projects where functionality is a prime objective, time predictability, and cost certainty. However, it is not suitable for fast track projects. The client develops the business case for the project, provides a brief and budget and appoints a team of consultants to prepare a design, plus tender documents. The client appoints the building contractor to construct the works to the design, by the contract completion date and for the agreed price. Usually much of the work is sub-contracted to specialist firms but the contractor remains liable. The consultants administer the contract on behalf of the client and advise on aspects associated with design, progress and stage payments which must be paid by the client. The separation of the contractor from the design can mean missed opportunities for contractor or specialist contractor to input on buildability. This strategy is a low-risk option for clients who wish to minimize their exposure to the risks of overspend, delays or design failure. However, the exposure to risk will increase where the design phase is rushed, where unreasonable time targets are set or where the tender documents are not fully completed. There is a variation of this method which involves two-stage tendering contractors tenders are based on a partially developed consultants design (stage 1 tender). The contractor then assists with the final development of the design and tender documents, against which tenders for the construction works are prepared (stage 2 tender). Whoever put forward the first stage tender has the opportunity to tender or negotiate the second (construction) stage. This approach increases the risks of an increase in overall price and a less certain completion date but contractor involvement is likely to increase the likelihood that both these criteria are realistically established. DESIGN BUILD This method of procurement involves the contractor being responsible for design as well as construction, and it can be suitable for: all clients, including inexperienced clients and those requiring distance from the project, faster track and where cost certainty is desired. However, it is not suitable for uncertain or developing client brief as well as complex buildings. Responsibility for both design and construction is borne by the main contractor and will either use in-house designers or employ consultants to execute the design whiles specialist or sub-contractors execute the bulk of the construction work. The contractor tenders against a client brief and will often follow an initial concept design prepared by consultants appointed to advise the client. The design will be developed by the contractor and the works will be completed, usually for a fixed price. Tendering is more expensive so it carries more risk for the contractor than the traditional approach. This is because the contractor has to develop an outline design and a detailed price. Tender lists will probably be shorter than for traditional contracts. The Design Build approach gives the client a single point of contact. However, the client commits to the cost of construction, as well as the cost of design, much earlier than with the traditional approach. Whilst risk is shifted to the contractor, it is important that design liability insurance is maintained to cover that risk. Changes made by the client during design can be expensive, because they affect the whole of the Design Build contract, rather than just the design team costs. Noteworthy is the high design/quality risk associated with this approach as the contractor develops the design. To overcome this, we can have a refinement to this approach where the client has the design prepared to concept or scheme design stage and the contractor takes on finishing off the design and construction (develop construct). Furthermore the contractor may re-employ the original designers to complete the design in a practice known as novation. MANAGEMENT CONTRACTING This is suitable for fast track projects, complex buildings, and a developing brief. However, it is less suitable for inexperienced clients, clients wanting to pass risk to the contractor, and where cost certainty is desired before starting construction. Here, the client appoints designers and a contractor (management contractor) separately and pays the contractor a fee for managing the construction works. A feature is the early appointment of the contractor to work alongside the design team to develop a programme for construction and contribute to the design and costing of the works. The works are let competitively by the management contractor to subcontractors and specialists in appropriate works packages. This approach often means that design and the start on site overlap, with the design and tender packages becoming available just-in-time to suit the construction programme. The management contractor will not carry out construction work. This preserves the management contractors independence and reinforces a consultancy relationship with the client. Payment is made to the management contractor on the basis of the cost of the works packages plus the agreed fee. Much of the success of this approach depends on the contractors team. Unless the team is drawn from companies which are experienced in this kind of team working, the benefits are not always realised. There is less price certainty at the outset, because construction tends to start ahead of completion of all design stages and at a point when many of the work packages have yet to be tendered. This often means adjustments are made to the design and specification of works packages later in the programme to keep the project within budget. However, the overall process of design and construction tends to be shorter than in either traditional or design build situations. CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT This approach is similar in concept to Management Contracting. Contractors are contracted directly to the client and the construction manager manages the process for the client on a simple consultancy basis. Although in a sense this gives the client a greater measure of control, it also means that the client accepts a considerable amount of risk. The management contractor is simply an agent, and usually cannot guarantee that the project will be finished to time and cost. As it requires constant involvement by the client this approach is really only suitable for experienced clients.

photosynthesis :: essays research papers

Organisms Depend Upon Photosynthesis A. Organisms Depend Upon Photosynthesis 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photosynthetic organisms (algae, plants and a few other organisms) serve as ultimate source of food for most life. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical bond energy of carbohydrates. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most food chains start with photosynthesizers. Solar Radiation Key Discoveries of Photosynthetic Process Structure of Chloroplasts Function of Chloroplasts A. Solar Radiation 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Solar radiation is described in terms of its energy content and its wavelength. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photons are discrete packets of radiant energy that travel in waves. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of types of solar radiation based on wavelength. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gamma rays have shortest wavelength. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radio waves have longest wavelength. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Energy content of photons is inversely proportional to wavelength of particular type of radiation. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Short-wavelength ultraviolet radiation has photons of a higher energy content. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Long-wavelength infrared light has photons of lower energy content. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High-energy photons (e.g., those of ultraviolet radiation) are dangerous to cells because they can break down organic molecules by breaking chemical bonds. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low-energy photons (e.g., those of infrared radiation) do not damage cells because they do not break chemical bonds but merely increase vibrational energy. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  White light is made up of many different wavelengths; a prism separates them into a spectrum. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only 42% of solar radiation that hits earth’s atmosphere reaches surface; most is visible light. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Higher energy wavelengths are screened out by ozone layer in upper atmosphere. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lower energy wavelengths are screened out by water vapor and CO2. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consequently, both the organic molecules within organisms are processes, such as vision and photosynthesis, are adapted to radiation that is most prevalent in the environment. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Earth’s Energy-Balance sheet a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  42% of solar energy hitting atmosphere reaches earth surface; rest is reflected or heats atmosphere b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only 2% of 42% is eventually used by plants; rest becomes heat. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of this plant-intercepted energy, only 0.1 to 1.6% is incorporated into plant tissue. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of plant tissue, only 20% is eaten by herbivores; most of rest decays or is lost as heat. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of herbivore tissues, only 30% is eaten by carnivores. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Photosynthetic pigments use primarily the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two major photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both chlorophylls absorb violet, blue, and red wavelengths best. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Very little green light is absorbed; most is reflected back; this is why leaves appear green. d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carotenoids are yellow-orange pigments which absorb light in violet, blue, and green regions. e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When chlorophyll in leaves breaks down in fall, the yellow-orange pigments show through.

Developmentally Appropriated Practice For Preschoolers Education Essay

Nowadays more and more parents are looking for appropriate attention for their kids. DAP gives an chance realize all wants and outlook of parents. Developmentally Appropriate Practice ( DAP ) is a attention that takes into history each kid ‘s degree of physical, social-emotional, linguistic communication, rational, and adaptative development. Children provided with the chance to prosecute in DAP are better set up for success in school and society. The subject of DAP is discussed in the book â€Å" Developmentally Appropriate Practice: Course of study and Development in Early Education † , by Carol Gestwicki. The book explains what DAP is and touches such subjects as developmentally appropriate physical, societal, emotional, cognitive and linguistic communication environments. The methodic and plan of DAP differ for every age group ( Infants, Toddlers, Preschoolers, Primary-Aged Children ) . The preschool age kids develop larning activities that include linguistic communication, motor physical activity and motions. Such activities normally include mystifiers and blocks, wheel playthings and climbers, dramatic drama moving and narrative relation. Preschoolers enjoy different experiences and activities such as cutting paper and fabric some cookery and other art activities. Children of this age already can acknowledge forms, colourss ; they can even utilize simple math and problem-solving accomplishments. At this age kids combine thoughts, their memory is turning and their motor accomplishments are bettering. Children show a large involvement in the written linguistic communication. Kids besides develop an involvement in the universe around them, are fond of particular events and trips. Adults should listen to kids, promote originative drama, fall in them in activities, aid to construct self-esteem, and set consistent bounds. Preschoolers need grownups to promote and back up their originative drama, articulation in their activities, assist them to understand societal norms, and set consistent bounds with them. Three and four-year-old kids should be given ample chances to derive experience with linguistic communication, big motor physical activities, motion, and all right motor activities. Adults who work with kindergartners should hold warm, fostering personality with appropriate behaviour, willing to larn, be dependable, to understand the emerging demand for the kindergartner to set up friendly relationships and have. Adult should accept different attention giving methods and techniques, besides read, talk and listen to the kid. Developmentally appropriate patterns include social/emotional, cognitive, physical and linguistic communication development. Social and emotional development of kindergartners. It is really of import for kindergartners to develop their accomplishments in societal and emotional domains which are keys to their success in life, every bit good as, school. The surveies of scientists explain how necessary societal and emotional preparedness is to a kindergarten activities, success in school, and their ulterior grownup achievements. There are three cardinal ends for societal and emotional development. The first is the Sense of Self. It deals with a fact of how childs feel valued and accepted by the people whom they love. The 2nd is the Responsibility for Self and Others. It deals with developing wonts and character qualities such as duty, and independency, autonomy of a kid, and following regulations and modus operandis. The 3rd key is the Prosocial Behavior, which works with qualities such as empathy and sharing that that will assist kids to collaborate in the universe. Cognitive development of kindergartners is the procedure of larning how to believe and happen a ground. Such accomplishments are connected with literacy and mathematics. Such domains as scientific discipline and societal surveies, are besides includes the same as the humanistic disciplines, and engineering. Such development is non merely memorising facts. Preschool kids are â€Å" larning to larn. † Such accomplishment is of import for future acquisition. The three ends are: acquisition and job resolution, logical thought, representation and symbolic thought activity. Learning and Problem Solving teaches small kids how they should information, resources, and stuffs they have. Kids learn how to believe about their thoughts, how to do anticipations, and besides how to prove possible solutions. The qualities such as wonder, continuity, and using cognition, make larning more of import than merely larning new facts about the universe. Logical Thinking helps kindergartners to understand the information they are garnering. Children attempt to compare and contrast things, to screen and sort. Besides kids learn to number, step and so on. Representation and Symbolic Thinking aid kids to concentrate on how they use symbols in idea. Symbols can be objects, people or representations through drawings. Symbolic believing besides includes. Physical accomplishments are besides really of import for the bettering accomplishments in reading, composing, scientific discipline, and math. Physical development affects societal and emotional development because childs gain assurance while they learn what their organic structures can make. The more childs can make, the more their want to seek new and more hard undertakings appear. The two ends for motor accomplishments are: gross motor and all right motor. Gross motor development involves the motions that are controlled by the organic structure ‘s big musculuss while all right motor development wage attending to commanding, coordination, and sleight of the little musculuss in the kids ‘s custodies. Environment for activities should be clean and safe ; the plaything and stuffs should be displayed on unfastened, low shelves. There should be countries for the undermentioned types of acquisition centres or infinite for kids to play with the following types of stuffs: dramatic drama, blocks, art: colouring, picture, pulling, pasting, etc. The country should include sand and H2O district for playing games. Working stuffs should include books. Activities should include music and motions, while the manipulatives would be mystifiers, nogs, little building points scientific discipline. There besides need to be included some sort of big motor country for throwing, siting, mounting, jumping, running ; are for separate cot/mat for single sleeping ; some private, getaway infinites. All countries ought to be soft. The stuffs that are normally used in DAP with kindergartners are siting playthings, balls/bean bags to throw, mounting equipment, books, blocks ( different forms, textures, weights, colourss, sizes plus vehicles, animate beings ) . Such dramatic drama stuffs as vesture, theme points ( house, physician ‘s office, food market shop, etc. ) are besides used. Teachers and parents should utilize art supplies: assorted sorts of pigments, crayons, markers, chalk, assorted sorts of paper, drama dough, gum, paste, scissors, etc. while the composing supplies should include: pens, pencils, paper, stapling machine, paper cartridge holders, envelopes, following letters and Numberss, etc. Language development plays a great function in development of kindergartners because a foundation in linguistic communication development gives childs accomplishments needed to go successful scholars. The researches show that kids who have large linguistic communication experiences in preschool are more volitionally to do stronger their linguistic communication and literacy accomplishments. The ability of kids to listen, compose, read and talk is developed interdependently. The ends for linguistic communication development are: hearing, speech production, reading and composing. Listening and Talking involves spoken linguistic communication. Such accomplishments as holding a big vocabulary and ability to show oneself are of import for kids. Reading and Writing involves the aid of grownups to do sense of written linguistic communication for kids as they enjoy reading. Such development additions kid ‘s ability to manage books and understand the intent of book and how it works, it besides teaches how to recite a narrative. Preschoolers learn the alphabet and words while playing games. Developmentally appropriate pattern for kids should be alone for every kid, because all kids are different and have different abilities. Parents should cognize that the acquisition and development of their kids depends on heed to all facets of a kid ‘s wellbeing. Attention should be paid to physical, societal, emotional and cognitive dimensions of kid development.

Big Fat Tax Analysis

In the article â€Å"Big fat tax is no gut buster† author Susie O’brien attacking the new tax on the fast food industry. By the opening slogan, â€Å"DON’T tax the big mac† she asserts her position on the tax. Written in bold the slogan immediately catches the eye and as it cleverly rhymes is very memorable. The author continues in cementing her standing on the issue by saying that a junk food tax is not the answer and the rhetorical question that, â€Å"why should reducing our weight start with our wallets? Her target audience with this piece would be those for the tax as she argues that there are downsides to a tax on fast food as well as alternatives that could be better. The image plastered in the centre of the article shows a man made of fast food. It relates to the subject of the article yet despite the amount of greasy fast food also seems appetising. The author also states that she is definitely for helping overweight Australians however that a fa t tax is not the answer.We see colloquial language which creates a feeling of comfortability with the author when she states a fat tax is such a, â€Å"one-pronged solution† whilst also dismissing the idea as small-minded. The tone she has written in persuades readers to agree as she says, â€Å"it (government) can remove every damned junk food vending machines from gyms, sport club houses and schools. † The power in which the author says this makes her statement a real rallying point as if she is part of a protest.Whilst loaded language like â€Å"damned† and the rhetorical/loaded question of â€Å"why do so many parents reward kids for playing sport with a packet of chips? † This sentence gives readers who do this a sense of guilt whilst those who don’t may find it amusing. She then goes on to give the audience someone else to blame for their fat with the rhetorical question of, â€Å"Why not start by cracking down on irresponsible food labellin g? She continues on with fact and research as she states that all our foods are, â€Å"choc-full of toxic ingredients like saturated fats, trans fats, palm oil and high-fructose corn syrup, which is one of the leading sweeteners in food, but is very hard for the body to effectively break down. † This makes the author seem knowledgeable on the subjects which can persuade readers into trusting her as she clearly knows what she’s talking about. The author gives many alternatives to a fat tax which seem simple to impose as well as logical to reducing obesity rates.The author proposes ideas such as setting up safer pedestrian walkways so that people (especially kids) may walk to places such as the local shops/schools. Inside these alternative solutions she can now turn it back on the fat tax by using loaded sentences such as, â€Å"Why does every social solution seem to involve taking money out of my pocket and putting it into Treasury? † as well as, â€Å"In short, if it (the government) wanted to, it could stop this problem in its tracks. But instead it's being told merely to increase taxes.Talk about punishing the victim. † The author befriends her audience and makes it seem like she’s one of us/on our side so that it persuades readers to come round to her view. Her use of rhetorical questions makes readers come to assumptions that she wants them to. Whilst also giving them someone to blame in the government alluding that they are simply out for out money. Her powerful final sentence, â€Å"So let's forget fads like tax on fast food, that will just make takeaways more expensive and will do nothing to change the way people live their lives.Let's do more to change every single day to make life healthier for everyone. † leaves readers with a sense of duty and that the author’s aim is simply to help us, the people persuading us to be against the fat tax. Susie O’brien uses rhetorical questions and loaded langua ge to coax readers into making assumptions about the government and the fat tax. Clever slogans and imagery helps her arguments be memorable as well as logical. She creates someone to blame as well as alternative solutions which makes a fat tax seem small-minded. This persuades readers to agree with her postion.

Impact of Testing Research Paper

Impact of Testing Research Paper Introduction The government of the United States of America is charged with among other roles the responsibility to ensure that its citizens receive adequate services. Such include good health care and education. Special emphasis has been to these two sectors since they are the backbone of the economy. Provision of quality education to students makes the country achieve significant progress. This is because when people study they are able to get jobs and thus become independent. This further ensures that poverty is eradicated before it takes a toll on the nation. The educated group of citizens also contributes to nation building through useful engagements other than engaging in malicious activities such as theft. They are able to provide labor in the various sectors; both government and private. Federal Initiatives relating to testing It is for this reason that the government initiates certain decisions and policies which directly affect testing in education in the U.S.A. Testing is important because it defines the student’s level of understanding of a particular matter. The government has initiated policies to this effect since it is a sensitive matter that requires care when being administered. Testing has both advantages and disadvantages. Such initiatives include the No Child Left Behind initiative, adequate yearly progress and FCAT in Florida (Wilberforce, 2005). The No Child Left Behind Act The no child left behind initiative that came to place through an act of the congress. The initiative upholds that high standards be established so as to establish quality education delivered to students. The initiative has seen increased funding go towards education. The initiative further maintains that adequate yearly progress be performed on the students in the course of their education. This refers to the use of standardized tests which are then used to determine how every school performs. The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test The Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test is yet another initiative aimed towards helping boost performance in schools. The Bureau of K-12 Assessment is responsible for the assessment of students using these tests. These assessments provide useful information about students learning in Florid. This is as required by law (Wilberforce, 2004). Adequate yearly progress This is a measurement by the United states Department of Education. It analyzes how every public school and school district performs. This is done through administration of certain tests which are standardized. Private schools however do not conduct adequate yearly progress Policies to incorporate the admission tests These are tests used in the process of admission at elite/ private school. It also includes admission to colleges and universities. These are used as a prediction on how likely a student is to succeed in academics. The National assessment of Education progress policies This is an assessment carried out at national level and is used to find out the level of development of a student n his progress academically. This assessment is important since it gives statistics to the government and other stake holders in how the students are performing academically. Elementary and Secondary Education Test This amendment was made in 1988. This test is issued to students to test their ability academically when placed on the same conditions. All students therefore take the same test. General Education development test policies. This test is developed by the American Council on Education. The test is done by students as individuals. A certificate is issued to graduands to this effect. California Achievement Admission Test legislations These legislations led to the establishment of the National standardized examination for grades K-12. It tests the achievements of a student. The service is available all year round. Negative Impact of Testing on Learning in the Classroom Testing is known to have certain disastrous effects on students and schools generally. The students may for example suffer emotionally when preparing for examinations. This is because tests are used to gauge a student’s ability and his or her understanding of scope. This makes the student feel anxious and at times suffer from fear of failure. The student certainly knows that by failing that examination, he will not proceed to the next level and may suffer scorn. The feeling of fear and emotional insecurity is worse during the examination period. Cases have been reported in the past of students who faint in the examination room as they sit for their examinations. This depicts a feeling of fear in the student (Watson, 2011). The method of testing students is in itself not sufficient. Using testing as a method of condemning a student to fate is not sufficient at all. If we take an example of a student who has all the years been good academically then he or she fails to perform in the last exam, it is unfair to say that the student is not fit to proceed in the next level. The parameters of measuring his or her ability in this case can only be termed as flawed and without basis. It is important that a different method be used other than just administering tests otherwise the real meaning of education will fade away sooner than later (Luckzak, 2005). The method of testing also encourages cramming among students. Students read voraciously putting a lot of effort and spending time in the library just to pass exams. The true meaning of education is lost whereby it is supposed to produce all rounded students who can work with results. Students who cram to pass examinations therefore get it wrong because they lose out on important bits. Such is what would have made that student to be among the top professionals who can possibly be there. Testing is also insufficient since teachers teach to the test. Teachers want their students to pass examinations not because they want them to fit in their profession well but because they want them glory to come back to them (teachers). This makes testing lose the meaning it was intended for since teachers end up leaking the exam to the students and some even teaching it in class. The process of leaking examinations to students and them being given the same examination is actually a contravention of ethics. Teachers who leak tests to the students do it oblivious of the fact that these students are becoming wasted. Standards of unfairness are at times also exercised by teachers in the process of marking. Some teachers intentionally fail students in their exams simply because they failed to conform to a favor they possibly wanted. This again makes testing lose the intended meaning. Such students end up failing not because they are poor in that particular area but because the teacher f elt they should not pass that particular exam (Afflerbach, 2007). How Testing Influences School Funding Tests are also used by schools as a means of extorting money. They charge very high examination fees to cater for the tests and thus end up exploiting parents. The method has therefore faced a lot of opposition from parents who feel it is a petty fraudulent scheme. To add salt into injury the money received is sometimes not properly accounted for (Paul Watson, 2011) The schools are supposed to administer test which will depict how the students have been performing. The government then uses this analysis to determine how much it will give to schools. Where improvements are not made, the schools receive reduced funds. They are also given alternative punishments which make the people concerned to be more accountable. Testing as a disadvantage to non-performing schools The method of testing also discourages schools that fail to do well. This is because the schools feel they are being sidelined in terms of performance. This is especially so where the performance of different schools compared. The performance index of different schools is compared and ranking is done accordingly. This may discourage the schools at the bottom while the students feel like they are not good enough (Pearson, 2001). Effect of testing on teachers Testing gives undue pressure to the teachers who are required to mark and give timely reports. A class that does not do well in the tests may also demotivate the teacher who may feel like he or she did not teach well. This could however not be the reason why the students did not perform well. They probably did not do their part. The teacher may however be blamed by the school administration for the poor performance (Pearson, 2001). Testing is also a disadvantage in the sense that it leads to less funding to poorly performing schools. Such schools appear as if they have been sidelined which is often interpreted as unfair to them. Effect of Testing on parents Testing may have certain effects on parents. For the students who fail to do well, their parents may feel the students did not put in as much effort as required. Some may go to the extent of punishing their sons and daughters in schools while others may feel they are wasting money paying for school fees. Wrangles are common between children and their parents over poor performance while in school.

Paralinguistic Cues in Computer

Paralinguistic Cues in Computer Abstract Computer based communication is an integral communication modality within the social, educational and professional environments. However, when using text-based CMC, it is common for people to form prejudice impressions about the personality traits of another individual.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Paralinguistic Cues in Computer-Mediated Communications in Personality Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This experiment investigated the effect of the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues in computer-mediated communications on personality traits. The findings suggest that the impressions formed about a personality trait of an individual rely on the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues during interaction. Introduction Computer based communication has become more popular and vary greatly with the ways in which individuals communicate within social, educational and professional environments. Th e differences not only lie in the surrounding environment, but also in the method of communication (Storms, Grottum Lycke, 2007). Communication entails both verbal and non-verbal aspects. While verbal communication involves exchange of words between individuals, non-verbal communication takes in different forms (Walther, Deandrea Tong, 2010). Computer-mediated communications (CMC) refers to the communicative transaction involving the use of computers and communicative networks. The scope of computer mediated communications cuts across sociopsychological elements, particularly the topic on online interactions and their relations to everyday life, and to the application of paralinguistic aspects like emoticons (Storms, Grottum Lycke, 2007).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Paralinguistic cues play a significant role in human speech communication. A lot of studies have been carried out in attempts to elucidate how the use of paralinguistic features such as body language, facial expression and posture affect the level of communication (Amant, 2007). It is common for human beings to form prejudices about others even before speaking to them when socializing on a face-to-face basis. These preconceptions are often based on paralinguistic cues like gestures and appearance (Epley Kruger, 2005). However, in the computer-mediated communications, these impressions would only be formed based on text message interactions. According to DeLamater and Myers (2007), the accuracy of communication is greatly enhanced by the use of multiple cues, as opposed to a single communication channel. Computer-mediated communication features such as lack of social context cues often make this form of communication less personal (Holland, 2008). There is need to gain more insight on how the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues affects the expectations or preconceptions that people form of each other in CMC interactions. Various theories have been proposed in attempts to explain the role of paralinguistic cues in influence the stereotypes and expectancies over computer-mediated communication. Some of these theories include the social context cues theory and the social information processing theory.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Paralinguistic Cues in Computer-Mediated Communications in Personality Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social context cues theory proposes that the absence of paralinguistic cues in CMC makes it highly ambiguous (Epley Kruger, 2005). As a result, people depend on their personal stereotypes to make preconceptions about the other person’s character. CMC, thus, allows the persistence of expectancies or stereotypes due to the absence of paralinguistic cues ordinarily the question then (Holland, 2008). A highly standardized experiment was perfor med by Epley and Kruger (2005) to investigate impressions on different communication channels and the resultant stereotypes and expectancies. The researchers performed three experiments, whereby they moderated the participant’s anticipations regarding the interviewee. The interviews were done either on phone or e-mail. Phone communication was found to confer features reminiscent of face-to-face interaction, even though the conversations relied on simple, preset questions and rapid responses. In contrast, communication through e-mail conferred no actual interactions between the parties, though the answers the interviewees gave were similar to those from phone communication. The results indicated that the preformed notions about the interviewee persisted more over e-mail than over the phone (Epley Kruger, 2005). Conversely, the social information processing theory suggests that potential deficiencies of CMC are indemnified by the use of text based non-verbal cues like ‘L aughing Out Loud’ (LOL) and ‘mhhh’. The usage of emoticons in CMC provides an emotional setting to users (Walther D’Addario, 2001).Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More CMC users can, thus, express socios of the responses from a target were â€Å"DEFINITELY at the beach. †¦..: D, LOL†¦..sure thing:), yep. Just be warned†¦dun dunduuuuuun! Extraversion ratings were on a scale of 1-7, depending on the responses of the participants. The responses to the questions had seven options to choose from. To measure the personality, the extraversion scale was utilized whereby individuals with introvert personality would have a score of 20 to 80 while those having an extrovert personality would have a score range of between 80 and 140. Procedure The sample was divided into three groups A, B, and C who observed a CMC interaction. Group A was the paralinguistic cues group with 120 men and 342 women (M=20.7 years, SD=5.3). Group B was the plain text group with 125 men and 308 women (M=21.2 years, SD=5.4). Group C was the control group with 131 men and 329 women (M=20.9 years, SD=5.1). The total sample had 1355 participants (M=20.9, SD=5.23). Conveni ence sampling was adopted as this study was part of the course requirement. Initially, the participants were naà ¯ve regarding the true nature of the study. However, they were debriefed and instructed online as to the intent and procedure. The participants were directed to observe a past CMC activity. A profile stimulating the expectation in participants that the target individual was introverted was designed. Participants looked at this profile, and then observed the target individual communicating with an uncontrolled third party. Participants were then divided into two groups. One group looked at the basic text interaction while the other looked at a realistic paralinguistic communication with many cues hinting that the target was an extrovert. The text used for the interactions was made from a real paralinguistic interaction from which all cues were removed to produce a basic text interaction. Therefore, the conversations had identical contents apart from the paralinguistic int roduced. The major aim was to establish if paralinguistic information in CMC provided enough evidence to clear the preformed ideas that the target was an introvert. Design The study used an independent measure design. There were two levels of independent variable conditions used. These were the group with the basic text interaction and the group with the paralinguistic interaction. The dependent variable was the extroversion rating. Results The participants were asked questions, which they were to respond to from the given options such as strongly disagree, disagree, somewhat disagree, neither agree nor disagree, somewhat agree, agree, and strongly agree. From the 20 questions posed to the participants, responses were measured on an extraversion scale of 1-7, with the highest possible personality score being 140 and the lowest being 20. The higher the score, the more the extraverted rating an individual was given. It was predicted that presence or absence of paralinguistic cues woul d not influence the extroversion ratings when considering the social cues theory. In relation to the social information processing theory, it was also predicted that the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues would influence extroversion ratings. Group A, which had participants observing a CMC interaction for paralinguistic cues, rated the targets as extrovert (M=91.74, SD=37.42) while group B, with participants observing plain text interaction, rated the targets as introvert (M=79.84, SD=29.08). Group C, which was the control, indicated that the targets were introverts (M=72.16, SD=29.08). Discussion The results indicate that the presence of paralinguistic cues in computer-mediated communication can influence the impressions formed about the personality traits of an individual. In group A, the participants rated the target as highly extrovert in spite of the fact that the targets were presented as introverts. The findings further advance the social information processing theory which emphasizes more on the style of communication as an important aspect of impression formation. Use of non-verbal, text based cues such as emoticons, ellipses and hyphens can help in deciphering the personality trait of a person in a CMC interaction (Hancock Dunham, 2001; Walther, Deandrea Tong, 2010). In group B, most participants used their preformed concepts to rate the target as being introvert. This is because plain texts may often undermine the impressions about the personality traits as a result of the inadequate information it relays. These results, therefore, support the social cues theory proposition that absence of social cues in a computer-mediated communication environment increases ambiguity, hence people use their stereotypes to form preconceptions about personality traits. The findings are in agreement with the arguments by Epley and Krugler (2005) that absence of nonverbal cues hinders people from discerning another person’s characters. Conclusion The data from group C, the control, rated the targets as introverts. Given that this data falls between the data for groups A and B, then group C suggests that the profile was successful in measuring the objectives of the study. It can, therefore, be concluded that the presence or absence of paralinguistic cues in computer-mediated communication can influence the impressions about the personality traits of a person. The impressions formed depend on the communication style. References Amant, K. (2007). Linguistic and cultural online communication issues in the global age. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. DeLamater, J. D., Myers, D. J. (2007). Social psychology, 6th edn. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Epley, N., Kruger, J. (2005). What you type isn’t what they read: The perseverance of stereotypes and expectancies over email. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 414-422. Hancock, J. T., Dunham, P. J. (2001). Impression formation in computer-mediated c ommunication revisited: An analysis of the breadth and intensity of impressions. Communication Research, 28, 325-347. Holland, S. (2008). Remote relationships in a small world. New York, NY: Peter Lang. Storms, H. I., Grottum, P. P., Lycke, K. H. (2007). Content and processes in problem-based learning: A comparison of computer-mediated and face-to-face communication. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 23(3), 271-282. Walther, J. B., D’Addario, K. P. (2001). The impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer-mediated communication. Social Science Computer Review, 19, 324-347. Walther, J. B., Deandrea, D. C., Tong, S. T. (2010). Computer-mediated communication versus vocal communication and the attenuation of pre-interaction impressions. Media Psychology, 13, 364-386.

Australian Migration Law and Practice

Sukhon Chaiprasit is a legal immigrant to Australia. She holds a valid visa that is due to expire within a period of one month and twenty days. However, as a result of new unforeseen developments, it is likely that she shall be required to extend her stay in Australia for a further period of six (6) months for reasons to be disclosed herein below. The submissions below are made to the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection on behalf of Sukhon Chaiprasit seeking a waiver of condition 8503 that was imposed on her Visitor Visa (Tourist Stream) Subclass 600 so as to allow her to apply for a Class UB Medical Treatment visa, subclass 602. The relevant facts to the application for waiver are as articulated below: The Applicant (Sukhon Chaiprasit) is a citizen of Thailand. She arrived in Australia two months ago on a visitor visa (tourist stream) Class FA, Subclass 600. This class of visa has conditions 8101, 8201, 8501 and 8503 imposed on it. Seven days ago, Sukhon Chaiprasit was attacked by an assailant and suffered a concussion. Upon treatment, her doctors prepared a report strongly r mending that she should not travel for a further six (6) months period. Further, she is required to visit the hospital every two (2) days for check-up- the medical expenses in this respect are covered by the Crimes pensation Tribunal. In addition, Sukhon’s assailant has been apprehended and consequently, she is required as a key witness in the case against the assailant. However, her visa was issued two months and twenty days ago with a permitted stay period of three months from the date of Sukhon’s arrival. Therefore, having been in Australia for two months, the remaining stay period is one month. This period is clearly insufficient considering the fact that she will be required to stay for six months and it is untold what period the case against her assailant is likely to take. In light of the above circumstances, these submissions are made on Sukhon’s behalf to have condition 8503 (which imposes a â€Å"No Further Stay† ultimatum) waived to allow her to apply for a Class UB Medical Treatment visa, subclass 602.   Having briefly stated the facts above, the issue at hand is whether the circumstances arising above are sufficient to allow the waiver of the No Further Stay condition. The applicant acknowledges that she freely and knowingly[1] conceded to the imposition of condition 8503 whose effect is to bar her from applying for any other visa except under exceptional circumstances. The law makes clear provision for the waiver of the no further stay conditions. The purpose of the submissions herein shall be to demonstrate that Sukhon’s circumstances indeed entitle her to the waiver within the parameters allowed by the law. Reference is made to the Migration Regulations of 1994 which provide for the conditions to be fulfilled before condition 8503 is waived.[2] These conditions are: That subsequently after grant of the visa, pelling and passionate circumstances have arisen; It must be demonstrated that the above circumstances are present before Sukhon can be granted the waiver sought for. At this point, it is necessary to appreciate the fact that though Sukhon has expressed   interest in the male nurse, any intentions to establish a relationship with him will not be of any equilibrium to the Minister’s decision making process because that factor will not be considered as a circumstance â€Å"beyond the applicant’s control.† It is hereby submitted that there exists strong conviction that Sukhon’s circumstances have satisfied the prerequisite conditions for the grant of a waiver of condition 8503 as analyzed below: As Sukhon narrated and as supported by the attached medical report, Sukhon was recently attacked by an assailant who left here with a concussion. Further, upon treatment, it has b e apparent that Sukhon is not medically fit to travel for a further period of six (6) months. In addition, Sukhon has been called as a witness in the case against her assailant. With her stay period expiring in a month’s time, Sukhon will inevitably be required to stay longer than initially contemplated. Taking into account her medical condition, and the fact that she is undergoing treatment, it will not be in her best interest to leave the state merely because her visa validity period would have e to an end. This is therefore a pelling and also a passionate circumstance that will necessitate the waiver of the limiting condition and allow her to apply for the Class UB Medical Treatment visa, subclass 602. The act of being attacked while returning from a dinner in Melbourne’s CBD was totally beyond Sukhon’s control, if at all. It would be a fallacy to even contemplate that she would have knowingly exposed herself to the attack which caused her a concussion. Therefore, she was merely a victim of violence which any visitor to Australia should not be subjected to; and should not be made to suffer consequences thereof. It is submitted that as a result of the attack, there has arisen a major change in Sukhon circumstances that necessitate the intended further stay in Australia. As the doctors’ report indicates, Sukhon is not medically fit to travel for at least a period of six months and she is required to visit the doctors every two days for medical check-up. Further, she is required to appear in court as a witness to the case against her assailant. Therefore, it is argued that these are clear major changes in Sukhon’s circumstances which necessitate her further stay for the medically r mended period of six months.   From the submissions herein above, it has been explained how Sukhon arrived in Australia under a visitor visa (tourist stream) with, inter alia, condition 8503. It is further illustrated how she was attacked by an assailant; an attack which, according to the doctors, has rendered her to be medically not fit to travel for at least the next six months. In addition, she has been required to be a witness in the case against her assailant, though it has not been stated when the case is likely to begin. It has been argued in the preceding paragraphs that the circumstances Sukhon is in do satisfy the conditions for waiver of condition 8503 because they are pelling, passionate, beyond the control of Sukhon and they have changed Sukhon’s circumstances substantially.   It is humbly submitted that the Minister ought to take into consideration the best interest of the applicant whose medical condition may expose her health to further deterioration. Further, for the interest of justice, Sukhon deserves a chance to see to it that her assailant faces the law. Denying her this opportunity will be tantamount to an injustice on her. In light of the above-stated circumstances, these submissions are made on behalf of Sukhon for the Minister to waive condition 8503 to allow her to apply for a Class UB Medical Treatment visa, subclass 602. This question interrogates why the further visa application was invalid and whether Sukhon is subject to section 48 of the Migration Act, 1958. Condition 8503 limits the circumstances under which one can extend his/her stay in Australia beyond the allowed period of time.[3] An applicant seeking to extend their stay must first make a formal application to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection vide Form 1447[4] or by writing seeking a waiver of the condition, provided that the conditions for waiver as per Regulation 2.05(4) of the Migration Regulations of 1994 are met.[5] Therefore, by failing to make the application for the waiver and subject to the application being accepted, Sukhon’s application for another visa was invalid because condition 8503 was still operational in her visa.   Summarily, section 48 applies to non-citizens in the migration zone who, inter alia, do not hold a substantive visa, their visa application has been refused (other than an application for a bridging visa) or cancelled and have been removed from Australia and subsequently returns under Section 42(2A)(d) or (e).[6] A substantive visa as defined under the Act means a visa that is not a bridging visa, a criminal justice visa or an enforcement visa.[7] The current visitor visa held by Sukhon, which is still valid, is a substantive visa within the meaning of the Act. Without examining the other provisions of the Act, the fact that Sukhon’s visa is a substantive visa in itself means that section 48 is inapplicable to her because of the use of the conjunctive â€Å"and† in subsection 1 which makes it mandatory for all the conditions stated therein to be existent before the section can apply. Further, subsection 2 does not also apply Sukhon has not been removed from the migration zone.   Migration agents are governed by a Code of Conduct as set out in the Migration Act 1958 under.[8] Further, Regulation 8 Schedule 2 of the Migration Agents Regulations (1998) provides substantively the provisions that agents are required to observe during the discharge of the matters for which they have been licensed.[9] For Sukhon’s case, the potential breaches the former agent would have mitted, in the absence of actual facts, can only be speculated by taking into consideration the existing circumstances. For instance, paragraph 2.3, as read with paragraph 2.5, requires an agent to act with professionalism and reflect sound knowledge of the provisions of the Act.[10] Therefore, the agent ought to have known that Sukhon’s visitor visa had condition 8503 imposed on it and should have advised her that her application for any other visa would not be acceptable unless she successfully applied for a waiver of the condition first. Paragraph 2.6 of the regulations expects an agent to access the client’s request and to be candid/frank about the prospects of success of the client’s application for visa.[11] Again, the agent must have failed to observe this regulation and proceeded to lead Sukhon on to make the application that turned out to be unsuccessful. Under paragraph 2.9, an agent is required to refrain from making statements in support of an application that are misleading.[12] Being a qualified agent, it can only be assumed that the agent was fully aware of condition 8503 on Sukhon’s visa. Therefore, by trying to make another application for a visitor’s visa, it can only be presumed that the agent knowingly made the application for the visa knowing the same to be inaccurate. For these breaches, the client (Sukhon) has a right to make a plaint to the Migration Agents Registration Authority. Therefore, the agent failed to have due regard to the fact that Sukhon depended on the agent’s knowledge and experience as provided under paragraph 2.4.[13]   Anon, (2016). [Online] Available at: https://www.border.gov.au/Forms/Documents/1447.pdf [Accessed 18 Jul. 2016]. Australian Visa News. (2013). â€Å"No Further Stay† conditions on Australian visas: can they be removed (â€Å"waived†)? [Online] Available at: https://australianvisanews /2013/02/16/no-further-stay-conditions-on-australian-visas-can-they-be-removed-waived/ [Accessed 19 Jul. 2016]. Mara.gov.au. (2016). Code of conduct - Office of the Migration Agents Registration Authority. [Online] Available at: https://www.mara.gov.au/b ing-an-agent/professional-standards-and-obligations/code-of-conduct/ [Accessed 18 Jul. 2016]. Migration Agents Regulations (1998) (cth) Ogawa, M., 2009. Hypothetical: potential problems of a student visa. Bond L. Rev., 21, p.i. Vrachnas, J., Bagaric, M., Dimopoulos, P. and Pathinayake, A., 2011. Migration and refugee law: Principles and practice in Australia. Cambridge University Press. Zhao, L. and Kondoh, K., 2007. Temporary and permanent immigration under unionization. Review of Development Economics, 11(2), pp.346-358.

EBP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

EBP - Assignment Example This report features what is constituted in a healthcare model along with succinct description as well as discussed findings from the literature review (Wood, 2011). Pediatric patients and children who go through painful procedures frequently do so without the use of analgesics or psychological coping methods. Topical analgesics and non-pharmacological measures safely decrease procedure-related pain in children but are usually underutilized. Failure to reduce pain at initial procedures results to a stronger pain response when a subsequent painful procedure is administered without adequate analgesia. Implementing evidence-based multidisciplinary protocols that mitigate discomfort from procedures done to pediatric patients has been shown to be safe and effective. This protocol provides effective education, gives alternative therapies and develops policies through training (Aggarwal, 2010). This can only be achieved through early intervention and prevention, creating community awareness along with a better access to pain management services all of which are natured by a theoretical basis, EBP and defined standards. This model is developed to make sure that health professionals and nurses head in the same direction with preset goals and objectives. Strategies aimed at preventing and managing acute and chronic pain in children should be outlined early in advance. This should be accompanied with valid and comprehensive screening and assessment tools and processes (Nicholas et al. 2011). Patients should actively be involved in treatments by seeking clarifications as to why certain treatments are necessary so that the right treatment is conferred to the right patient for the right reasons (Bedard et al. 2006). Patients with chronic and acute pain can be transferred to care mode while the many of patients experiencing chronic pain are managed in the primary care sector. Some

Fascism discussion of this form of government Essay - 1

Fascism discussion of this form of government - Essay Example In the United States, all the political power rest on the people of the country. The people happen to be the only source for the power. The principle of the popular sovereignty is declared in the introduction of the declaration of independence where the people establish the constitution for the United States of America. Government draws the power from the people as the people are sovereign. As a matter of fact, the government can only govern under the consent of the people.Limited GovernmentThe principle of the limited government is to explain that the government is not powerful at all. However the limited government means a lot more to mention that the government can govern what the people would allow to govern. Limited government makes absolutely perfect sense because if the people are sovereign then the government cannot be powerful. The concept of the limited government can be expressed in terms of law also. The government should obey the law. Sometimes it is also referred to as constitutionalism. This refers to the fact that the law is above the government and not around it. Sometimes this is also referred to as the rule of the law (Spulber 305). Separation of powersIn a government that is presidential in nature like the US government, all the power is distributed among the branches which include the executive, judicial and the legislative.   This is also referred to as the separation of the power. The US government is divided into three branches.... Nazi Political theorist Cal Schmitt said that a strong state would always guarantee the totality of the political unity (Griffin 225). However there have been a lot of criticisms of Fascism. One of the most common criticisms happens to be fact that Fascism is actually form of tyranny. Fascism has been always regarded as non democratic. The original version of fascism i.e. the Italian Fascism has often been regarded as the unprincipled opportunism. Fascism has also been criticized for the ideological dishonesty. The American government – Its Principles The constitution is built upon six basic ideologies. Popular Sovereignty In the United States, all the political power rest on the people of the country. The people happen to be the only source for the power. The principle of the popular sovereignty is declared in the introduction of the declaration of independence where the people establish the constitution for the United States of America. Government draws the power from the pe ople as the people are sovereign. As a matter of fact, the government can only govern under the consent of the people. Limited Government The principle of the limited government is to explain that the government is not powerful at all. However the limited government means a lot more to mention that the government can govern what the people would allow to govern. Limited government makes absolutely perfect sense because if the people are sovereign then the government cannot be powerful. The concept of the limited government can be expressed in terms of law also. The government should obey the law. Sometimes it is also referred to as constitutionalism. This refers to the fact that the law is above the government and not around it.

Bank of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bank of America - Essay Example The services offered by the Bank of America range from banking, asset management, investing as well as other additional products and services in the financial domain. The Bank of America Corporation offers a broad assortment of financial services and products by means of their numerous banking as well as nonbanking subsidiaries all over the United States of America and in certain parts of the global market. The bank offers its services in six major business divisions, viz. Deposits, Home Loans & Insurance, Global Card Services, Global Banking & Markets, Global Commercial Banking and Global Wealth & Investment Management (Bank of America, 2011). As on December 31, 2010, the Bank of America Corporation possessed assets worth $2.3 trillion and revenue values worth $111,390 million. The bank undertook the acquisition of Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. on January 1, 2009. Consequent to the acquisition, the Bank of America has become one of the biggest wealth management companies in the globe wi th almost 19,700 wealth advisors and further 3,000 front-line consumers facing specialized staffs and in excess of $2.2 trillion in customer assets (Bank of America, 2010). Furthermore, Bank of America Corporation is the worldwide leading organization in corporate and investment banking as well as trading over an extensive variety of asset classes catering to the large corporations and institutions, governments, and individual clients throughout the world. The Bank of America also provides industry-leading support to around four million people owing small businesses and is the issuer of highest number of debit cards in the United States of America. It holds the leading position in credit card loans in Europe and possesses the second largest market share for credit offerings in the United States. The Bank of America has a well-built foothold in the mortgage business sector and is one of the foremost two mortgage service providers and instigators in the US (Bank of America, 2010). SWO T Analysis Strengths of Bank of America The Bank of America holds an important market position in the banking industry of the US and operates an enormous extent of operations in the nation. Bank of America has well-built and structured investment banking as well as trading operations. The performance of the bank in these two segments compensates any failures in commercial banking or other segments. The wide variety of financial products and services offered by the bank to both individual and institutional clients enable the bank to perform as a financial superstore. The Bank of America had in the past successfully and effectively incorporated with the organizations it has acquired. This successful integration with the acquired companies, with Merrill Lynch being the latest, has acted as an immense strength for the bank. Bank of America had paid off the Troubled Asset Relief Program funds worth $45 billion to the government. This has enhanced and strengthened the bank’s capabi lity to sponsor private funds (Bank of America, 2010). The Bank of Amer

Response paper of chapter 6 of Inside Rikers They Keep Coming Back Essay

Response paper of chapter 6 of Inside Rikers They Keep Coming Back - Essay Example For me, despite violating society’s laws, criminals should also be seen as â€Å"clients† who can be guided back to the â€Å"right track† through addressing their employability and medical needs and goals. Society cannot avoid the long-term response to recidivism and use â€Å"medical lollipops† instead (Wynn, 2001); on the contrary, the government and society should support programs that combine education, rehabilitation, and legal employment to effectively reduce recidivism among ex-convicts. Wynn (2001) explained that programs like KEEP destined convicts to fail in real life, because they offered ineffective, though cost-efficient, solutions to severe drug addictions. She narrated the roots of KEEP. She noted that when city officials became alarmed that sharing needles among addicts led to higher HIV/AIDS levels, they created the methadone detoxification program called KEEP or Key Extended Entry Program in 1987. KEEP enabled addicts to access methadone throughout their duration of incarceration, which averages forty-five days but can last a year or a year and a half (Wynn, 2001). Wynn (2001) underscored that, â€Å"Rikers Island is the only jail system in the United States where addicts can be maintained on methadone for their entire length of stay.† In this sense, she already questions why penal systems even considered using addictive drugs like methadone to end heroin addiction. Wynn (2001) is careful to avoid the excessive nullifying of the helpful effect of K EEP when it is used as a â€Å"tool to control drug use, not to cure it.† She mentioned guidelines stating that â€Å"If administered carefully, methadone can eliminate the craving for narcotics as well as the euphoric effects† (Wynn, 2001). However, she stressed that these guidelines are no longer properly applied inside and outside prison, which results in greater drug addiction for

Texas - Water Riparian Rights (years 1836-1986) Essay

Texas - Water Riparian Rights (years 1836-1986) - Essay Example The fragmented institutional structure of riparian water rights constituted obstacles to achieving an efficient and comprehensive water-resource management system, thus the development of a surface water permit system. A riparian area refers to an area that acts as an interface between land, and a stream or river; consequently, riparian water rights refers to the system of allocating water on the basis of riparian land ownership. The Riparian doctrine was introduce in Texas over 200 years ago by Hispanic settlers in San Antonio, Texas; the Hispanic practices and legal principles became the blue print from which land title was granted. During this time, and through the 19th Century, riparian land was granted and the benefits included the right of riparian land owners to take water from the streams and rivers for purposes of irrigation. This can be best demonstrated in the case of Motl v Boyd (1926); the case was about the rights of Hispanics to take water from streams for irrigation (Rio Grande). In this case, the Supreme Court of Texas decided that the owner of riparian land had the right to use riparian waters not only for household and domestic purposes, but for irrigation purposes as well (Hutc hins 517). Riparian rights were affected by a couple of artificial and natural challenges; first there was the question of what constituted a river bed, a section of the riparian zone that would be owned by the state. Secondly, there was the question of defining the rivers banks since the boundary was ever changing due to manmade or natural reasons. Effects such as erosion, accretion, avulsion, subsidence and dereliction resulted in the shifting of boundaries, reducing or increasing the state owned river bed and the private owned riparian land (Powell 7). In 1840, the state of Texas abolished the Spanish riparian doctrine and embraced the English riparian common law with a few exceptions from the doctrine; this was later

Bank of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bank of America - Essay Example The services offered by the Bank of America range from banking, asset management, investing as well as other additional products and services in the financial domain. The Bank of America Corporation offers a broad assortment of financial services and products by means of their numerous banking as well as nonbanking subsidiaries all over the United States of America and in certain parts of the global market. The bank offers its services in six major business divisions, viz. Deposits, Home Loans & Insurance, Global Card Services, Global Banking & Markets, Global Commercial Banking and Global Wealth & Investment Management (Bank of America, 2011). As on December 31, 2010, the Bank of America Corporation possessed assets worth $2.3 trillion and revenue values worth $111,390 million. The bank undertook the acquisition of Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. on January 1, 2009. Consequent to the acquisition, the Bank of America has become one of the biggest wealth management companies in the globe wi th almost 19,700 wealth advisors and further 3,000 front-line consumers facing specialized staffs and in excess of $2.2 trillion in customer assets (Bank of America, 2010). Furthermore, Bank of America Corporation is the worldwide leading organization in corporate and investment banking as well as trading over an extensive variety of asset classes catering to the large corporations and institutions, governments, and individual clients throughout the world. The Bank of America also provides industry-leading support to around four million people owing small businesses and is the issuer of highest number of debit cards in the United States of America. It holds the leading position in credit card loans in Europe and possesses the second largest market share for credit offerings in the United States. The Bank of America has a well-built foothold in the mortgage business sector and is one of the foremost two mortgage service providers and instigators in the US (Bank of America, 2010). SWO T Analysis Strengths of Bank of America The Bank of America holds an important market position in the banking industry of the US and operates an enormous extent of operations in the nation. Bank of America has well-built and structured investment banking as well as trading operations. The performance of the bank in these two segments compensates any failures in commercial banking or other segments. The wide variety of financial products and services offered by the bank to both individual and institutional clients enable the bank to perform as a financial superstore. The Bank of America had in the past successfully and effectively incorporated with the organizations it has acquired. This successful integration with the acquired companies, with Merrill Lynch being the latest, has acted as an immense strength for the bank. Bank of America had paid off the Troubled Asset Relief Program funds worth $45 billion to the government. This has enhanced and strengthened the bank’s capabi lity to sponsor private funds (Bank of America, 2010). The Bank of Amer

Texas - Water Riparian Rights (years 1836-1986) Essay

Texas - Water Riparian Rights (years 1836-1986) - Essay Example The fragmented institutional structure of riparian water rights constituted obstacles to achieving an efficient and comprehensive water-resource management system, thus the development of a surface water permit system. A riparian area refers to an area that acts as an interface between land, and a stream or river; consequently, riparian water rights refers to the system of allocating water on the basis of riparian land ownership. The Riparian doctrine was introduce in Texas over 200 years ago by Hispanic settlers in San Antonio, Texas; the Hispanic practices and legal principles became the blue print from which land title was granted. During this time, and through the 19th Century, riparian land was granted and the benefits included the right of riparian land owners to take water from the streams and rivers for purposes of irrigation. This can be best demonstrated in the case of Motl v Boyd (1926); the case was about the rights of Hispanics to take water from streams for irrigation (Rio Grande). In this case, the Supreme Court of Texas decided that the owner of riparian land had the right to use riparian waters not only for household and domestic purposes, but for irrigation purposes as well (Hutc hins 517). Riparian rights were affected by a couple of artificial and natural challenges; first there was the question of what constituted a river bed, a section of the riparian zone that would be owned by the state. Secondly, there was the question of defining the rivers banks since the boundary was ever changing due to manmade or natural reasons. Effects such as erosion, accretion, avulsion, subsidence and dereliction resulted in the shifting of boundaries, reducing or increasing the state owned river bed and the private owned riparian land (Powell 7). In 1840, the state of Texas abolished the Spanish riparian doctrine and embraced the English riparian common law with a few exceptions from the doctrine; this was later

Evaluation of Gender Inequality Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of Gender Inequality Essay Charlotte Brontà « wrote in Jane Eyre, â€Å"I am no bird; and no net ensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will.† No visible net ensnares womankind. However, long have women been viewed and treated as unequal to their male counterparts. This inequality is alive everywhere. As displayed in Of Mice and Men, gender inequality is alive even in fiction. Gender equality has been an ongoing struggle in fiction and reality, our country and foreign countries, and in the past and the present. Gender inequality effects the people of the entire world. For example, there are major issues involving gender in Egypt. In Egypt, there are the sparks of movements trying to introduce women into government without challenging the reigning Brotherhood. Another place that struggles with gender inequality is the U.S. where women representation in government is very low. Only 17 out of 100 senate seats are held by women. Even in the U.S., one of the most highly regarded nations in the world, women are not entirely equal. Gender inequality has effected people all through time. In example, it wasn’t until the 1920’s that women could vote in the U.S. Women have long been considered less than their male counterparts. Only recently have women put a dent in the extreme patriarchy that has existed all through history. Today, women still are of unequal representation, pay, and rights across the globe. For example, in the U.S. today, there is an average pay gap of 77% (as of 2009). This means women earn 77 cents to a man’s dollar as pay for the same positions. This is one example of how inequality lingers in modern day first world countries. Gender inequality is also existent in both reality and fiction. We have already given many examples of real cases and statistics including representation and wage gaps. However, there is also gender inequality in the fictional world. For example, in Of Mice and Men, Curly’s wife is a prime example of gender struggles. She is constantly being marginalized. Sheis viewed as a thing that would get Lennie in trouble instead of an actual person. Even her name is never spoken. She is referred to as â€Å"Curly’s wife† which reaffirms Curly’s ownership over her and her status as a possession or an object instead of a human being. When her dead body is found, the first and only comment made of her death was along the lines of, â€Å"Poor boy.† Curly’s wife’s death was seen as nothing but something unfortunate for Lennie. This contributes to the pile of evidence that can conclude that Curly’s wife was considered a mere object. Through time, in foreign countries, and even in between pages, gender inequality has been a constant struggle. Charlotte Bronte wrote that she, a woman, is no bird. A woman, after having a net thrown on her and her fellows time and time again, must decide to declare that they are not a bird, but a human being. Human beings aren’t to be ensnared. It is said that the first step of fixing a problem is the recognition that it exists. So, women must understand that the net encompassing them is not a blanket, but a prison. Together, womankind must stand and declare, â€Å"We are not birds.† Hopefully, these examples of gender inequality is bringing more attention to the â€Å"net.† Hopefully, the realization will dawn that gender inequality is thriving among us and will not die out on its own. It has existed everywhere, always. A mighty effort is to be made to begin the reversal of this inequality and injustice.

Cyber Bullying Is Growing Rapidly Psychology Essay

Cyber Bullying Is Growing Rapidly Psychology Essay Although bullying has been around for centuries, it has only been in the past twenty years that researchers have tried systematically to measure bullying (Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, 2008). In 2001, the first study of bullying in the United States was conducted with more than 15,000 students in grades 6 through 10 (Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, 2008; Nansel, et al., 2001). Tanya Nansel and her fellow researchers found that, within a single school term, 17% of children and youth said they had been bullied sometimes or more often, and 19% had bullied others sometimes or more frequently and 6% said they had been bullied and had bullied others sometimes or more often. In 2005, David Finkelhor and his colleagues conducted telephone interviews with children and parents, and found that 25% had been teased or emotionally bullied during the previous year (Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, 2008; Finkelhor, Ormrod, Turner, Hamby, 2005). The researchers estimated that 13.7 million children and youth were physically bullied and 15.7 million were teased or emotionally bullied each year in the U.S.(Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, 2008). The massacre at Columbine High School in 1999 seems to have been pivotal in focusing attention on bullying in the United States. Although the specific motivations for this (or other school shootings) may never be fully understood, retrospective accounts in the popular press and in the research literature pointed to bullying as a contributing factor in many of these crimes (Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, 2008; Limber, 2006; Fein, et al., 2002). A search of the Lexis/Nexis database using the search terms bullying and schools demonstrates how much school attention to school bullying has changed in recent years within the United States. In 1998, the year prior to the Columbine shootings, school bullying was in the headlines of American newspapers, magazines, and other popular press periodicals 145 times. The following year, the number of articles on school bullying doubled, and, in 2001, shot to more than 750. There has also been an increase in attention to bullying among researchers since that time. In a search of the Psych Info database using bully or bullying as search terms, there were only five publications in 1990. By 2000, the number increased to 94. In 2004, there were nearly 250 such publications. Cyber bullying wasnt even an issue in the 1990s. However, with advances in technology, children are now exposed to a new form of bullying cyber bullying (Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, 2008). Cyber bullying occurs only between minors. If an adult is involved, the behavior is labeled cyber harassment or cyber stalking (Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, 2008). Much of the attention in the popular press and professional literature has focused on sexual predators that seek out their victims through online venues such as Facebook and Myspace. The same cannot be said of cyber bullying. Significantly less attention popular, academic, and/or legal has been devoted to the topic of cyber or electronic bullying. The reality, however, is that the majority of children are more likely to be targeted by a person who cyber bullies than by a stranger they have met on the Internet who is trying to arrange an offline meeting(Kowalski, Limber, Agatston, 2008). In 2005, it was estimated that 17 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 use the internet, and 74 percent of teens IM (Lisante, 2005; TEXAS STUDY, 2009). Today, 87% of U.S. teens use email and 93% use the internet (Jacobs, 2010). WHAT TYPES OF CB ARE OCCURING THE MOST? Although traditional bullying is still more common, cyber bullying is increasing rapidly. Cyber bullying may occur through phone calls, text messaging, email, picture and video clips, instant messaging, web sites, and chat rooms. The number of people who own a cell phone is on the rise. There are a number of ways that cell phones can be used in bullying. Cell phones are a popular device used to cyber bully because unlike computers, cell phones are typically left on when not in use. When someone is done using a computer, they generally shut it off. Cell phones, however, are left on all hours of the day. The fact that cell phones are portable allows the bully to make contact with the victim throughout the day. Cyber bullies may use text messaging to attack their victim or they may use digital photos. Many bullies will call and leave abusive messages for the victim also. Since most cell phones have a built in camera, it is easy for the bully to use photos as another form of bullying. Bu llies may capture their victims changing in a locker room or using the bathroom. They can then disseminate these photos to others to embarrass their victim. Another form of bullying is called happy slapping. Happy slapping typically occurs when embarrassing images of someone are caught on a camera or on a camera phone. Many times, the person is not aware that they are being recorded. In many instances, these recordings may be set up and planned out. In April 2008, the beating of a 16-year-old girl was videotaped by other female students. The incident sparked outrage after the bullies posted the video on MySpace and YouTube. The victim suffered a concussion, damage to her eye and ear, and numerous bruises. Eight girls faced charges of felony battery and false imprisonment for the attack on a fellow teen. This event sparked national outrage brought to light the importance of educating youth on teen bullying. Cyber bullying also occurs regularly in chat rooms. Most victims of cyber bul lying say abuse occurs in chat rooms, where people who are in the room send and receive messages, called chatting. People inside chat rooms generally use screen names, or nicknames, and all the screen names of people in the chat room are listed on each users screen. A person can read messages from others in the chat room, and type and send his or her message as a reply. What someone types instantly appears on the screen as part of the chat (Breguet, 2010). Another form of cyber bullying that can occur is by exclusion. If a person is intentionally left off of a buddy list, in order to have their feelings hurt, then they have been cyber bullied. These chat rooms not only exist on the computer, but in video gaming as well. It can be difficult for adolescents to separate their character from themselves. Bullies who cheat and gang up on other gamers are called griefers (Bailey, 2010). Like traditional bullying, minor forms of cyber bullying include being ignored, disrespected, picked on, or otherwise hassled. The more debasing forms involve the spreading of rumors about someone, stalking or physically threatening another person through some medium or method of electronic communications (Hinduja Patchin, 2010). More indirect forms of cyber bullying include disseminating denigrating materials or sensitive personal information or impersonating someone to cause harm (Willard, 2007). Add info on social networking WHICH ADOLESCENTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO BE VICTIMS OF CB? Five signs that indicate a student is being cyber bullied are as follows: Changes in mood or demeanor after being online Avoids talking about school, friends, or what they do online Has crying, anxiety, or depression episodes, especially after using the computer or cell phone Makes excuses not to go to school Withdraws from friends or usual activities (Tiano, 2008; Borgia Myers, 2010). The highest numbers of incidences of bullying occur at the middle school level. Bullying can start with children in elementary school. By the time students reach middle school, the bullying becomes more physical. Boys and girls typically bully in different ways. Boys usually push, shove, and hit. Girls on the other hand, usually start rumors or exclude girls from being a part of their social network of friends. A series of studies found that the chance of being a victim of cyber bullying increases as youngsters grow older (Kowalski and Limber, 2007; Patchin and Hinduja, 2006). Other studies found lower cyber bullying rates for students 15-18 years old than for students 12-15 years old (Slonje Smith, 2007). Still other studies found no relationship between age and being the victim of cyber bullying (Vandebosch Van Cleemput, 2009; Smith et al., 2006). Cyber bullying is occurring less frequently than traditional bullying and most cyber bullying is occurring outside of the school environment (Smith, Mahdavi, Carvalho, Fisher, Russell, Tippett, 2008). However, it is the responsibility of the school district to provide a learning environment that is in a safe environment. Studies show that 85% of high school students spend at least an hour a day on the internet. Many of the shows that teenagers are watching on television at night are reality shows. There is a lot of fighting and verbal confrontations that occur during these shows. It is believed that confrontations keep the audience entertained and wanting more. ARE F2F BULLIES GENERALLY CBs ALSO? Researchers who investigate online behavior recognized that people engage in activities online that they would not be as inclined to engage in if they were in the real world. Researchers use the term disinhibition to describe this phenomenon (Willard, 2007). There are several reasons why a bully may choose the internet to torment a victim. Cyber bullying can be done anonymously, with little effort, and the bullying can be carried out repeatedly and at a convenient time for the bully. One of the most important reasons a bully torments online is because there is a constant, captive audience to witness his or her handiwork and the victims humiliation (Breguet, 2010). Males are more likely to be traditional face to face bullies. Females, on the other hand, are more involved with cyber bullying. This could be due to the indirectness that cyber bullying plays a role in. Since females generally do not like confrontation, they are more like to participate in a form of bullying in which they do not have to face their victim. Cyber bullying allows the female students the opportunity to bully without confronting their victim. In accordance with the relationship between age and being a cyber bully, no clear tendencies could be discarded. Since cyber bullying can be anonymous, a bully can victimize someone much older or much younger than themselves. In 2006, Megan Meier committed suicide at the age of thirteen. Megan killed herself after receiving cruel messages on MySpace from who she believed was a 16-year-old boy named Josh Evans. Joshs identity was actually created by Lori Drew. Drew was the mother of a former friend of Megansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Many individuals who bully have issues controlling their anger, come from violent homes or neighborhoods, have overly authoritarian parents, or may be acting out because of other problems at home (Goodstein, 2007). Some bullies may have poor social skills and trouble adapting to new or overwhelming situations (Goodstein, 2007). As a result of being bullied, many victims in turn begin to bully individuals who are younger or weaker than themselves. Many kids try to be funny as an attempt to be cool while at school. Making fun or ridiculing others is sometimes considered funny. So as an attempt to be cool, bullying may occur. Bullies are not always the friendless, mean loners many people assume them to be. Bullies actually can be quite popular. Many times, they are very connected to school life through athletics, academics, or other extracurricular activities. Bullies generally are strong, confident, and aggressive, much more so than their victims, who, by comparison, tend to be weak, timid, and nonassertive (Bolton Graeve, 20). Some cyber bullies are angry loners or misfits, sometimes seeking revenge for having been bullied themselves. Experts say it is common for online abusers to be popular students with plenty of self-esteem who are trying to strengthen their place in the social hierarchy. They do it by intimidating those they perceive to have less status (Billitteri, 2008). Its not really the schoolyard thug character. Its the in-crowd kids bullying those who dont rank high enough, says Nancy Willard, executive director of the Center for Safe and Responsible Internet Use (Billitteri, 2008). Mark Wei ss, education director of Operation Respect, says, I think the culture is angrier. He went on to say, The things on TV, the laugh tracks of situation comedies, its all about making fun of each other and putting each other down, and reality TV is all about humiliation(Billitteri, 2008). WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS FELT BY THE VICTIMS OF CB? Although cyber bullying is occurring most frequently at home and not at school, it affects students at school. Even when its off campus, the impact is coming to school in the form of young people who have been so tormented they are incapable of coming to school to study, which leads to dropouts ,fights, violent altercations and suicide, said Nancy Willard, a former attorney and former teacher of at-risk children (Billitteri, 2008). Patchin and Hinduja (2006) found that 42.5 percent of the cyber bully victims were frustrated, almost 40 percent felt angry, and about 27 percent felt sad (Vandebosch Van Cleemput, 2009). One teenager said, It makes me hurt both physically and mentally. It scares me and takes away all my confidence. It makes me feel sick and worthless (Hinduja Patchin #1). Victims who experience cyber bullying also reveal that they were afraid or embarrassed to go to school. In addition, research has revealed a link between cyber bullying and low self-esteem, family problems, academic problems, school violence, and delinquent behavior. Cyber bullied youth also report having suicidal thoughts, and there have been a number of examples in the United States where youth who were victimized ended up taking their own lives (Hinduja Patchin #1). Even though suicide rates have decreased 28.5 percent among young people in recent years, upward trends were identified in the 10- to 19-year-old age group (Hinduja Patchin #2 plus others). Youth who are bullied, or bully others, are at an elevated risk for suicidal thoughts, attempts, and completed suicides. The reality of these links has been str engthened through research showing how experience with peer harassment (most often as a target but also a perpetrator) contributes to depression, decreased self-worth, hopelessness, and loneliness-all of which are precursors to suicidal thoughts and behavior (Hinduja Patchin #2 plus others). In a research conducted by Hinduja Patchin (2010), cyber bullying victims reported that they were almost twice as likely to have attempted suicide compared to youth who had not experienced cyber bullying. Traditional bullying and victimization have also been linked to loneliness, peer rejection, low self-esteem, poor mental health, and other psychological and physiological ailments among youthful populations (Hinduja Patchin, 2010; Crick Bigbee, 1998; Forero, McLellan, Rissel et al., 1999; Hershberger DAugelli, 1995; Mills, Guctin, Lynch et al., 2004; Prinstein, Boegers,, Spirito, Little et al., 2000; Prinstein, Boegers, Vemberg, 2001; Rigby Slee, 1993; Salmon, James, Smith, 1998). After considering the extent research on bullying and suicidal ideation, it can be said with confidence that a strong relationship exists (Hinduja Pachin, 2010; Balry Winkel, 2003; Kim, Koh, Leventhal, 2005; Mills, Guerin, Lynch, et al., 2004; Roland, 2002; Seals Young, 2003). The research on cyber bullying flourished following the school shooting at Columbine High School. Research from the Secret Service and the United States Department of Education on thirty-seven school shootings, including Columbine, found that almost 75 percent of the shooters felt bullied, threatened, attacked, or injured by other. Several shooters also reported experiencing long-term and severe bullying and harassment from their peers (Goodstein, 2007). According to Goodstein (2007), victims of bullying usually miss more school, have higher dropout rates, and have problems concentrating on their schoolwork. They also tend to show higher levels of insecurity, anxiety, depression, loneliness, unhappiness, physical and mental symptoms and low self-esteem. The consequences of being cyber bullied quickly creep into the classroom where the students eventually face the damage to their psyches or their reputations(Borgia Myers, 2010). Children have always been encouraged to not tattle tell. Once these children are bullied, many withhold the experience they are going through as a result of what they have been taught. Parry Aftab, of wiredsafety.org, says 45,000 students-85 percent to 97 percent of her audiences-reported having been victims of cyber bullying in 2007. Yet, only 5 percent will tell a trusted parent or adult (Billitteri, 2008). Another reason many victims do not report that they have been bullied is because they worry that the problem will escalate. An 11-year old from Michigan said, She kept texting me so many mean things that I wanted to throw my phone against the wall. I told my mom and she called her. After that the mean girls texted me, wow you cant fight your own battles (Billitteri, 2008)! Although online comments have the potential to spread at a much faster rate than conversations in a school hallway, dealing with it could possibly be easier. Teens have the capability of ignoring the comments online by merely turning off the computer and not reading them. Since comments were made online, the victim is able to print the comments to turn them over to the local police unit. Victims can also report incidences to their ISP. School districts and parents need to make themselves responsible for educating youth on cyber bullying. Since most cyber bullying occurs away from school, parents may attempt to protect the bully by arguing that they have the freedom of speech to express their thoughts aloud. Conclusion: It is very important as parents to monitor childrens online activity. Parents should be aware of social networking sites that their children participate in. It is critical to educate children about the proper language that should be used online. Experts believe that cyber bullying is going to worsen because most bullies enjoy the idea that they have a large audience witnessing their attacks on the victims. As the price of computers continues to drop and as internet use gets faster, cheaper, and more far-reaching, it only makes experts believe that cyber bullying will continue to grow. Therefore, it is critical for parents to talk to their children about the impact of cyber bullying on youth. When kids are confronted about being a cyber bully, many of the kids respond that they didnt know that they were actually hurting the other person. Since many cyber bullies do not face their victims, it is difficult to witness the effects that the bullying is having on the victims.